{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1965210218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1602575","title":"A Brief History of Work Expectations for Welfare Mothers","display_name":"A Brief History of Work Expectations for Welfare Mothers","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1965210218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1602575","mag":"1965210218","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9170730"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1602575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1602575","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1602575","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2920767","display_name":"The Future of Children","issn_l":"1054-8289","issn":["1054-8289","1550-1558"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315874","host_organization_name":"Princeton School of Public and International Affairs","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315874","https://openalex.org/P4310316273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Princeton School of Public and International Affairs","Princeton University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Future of Children","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Susan W. Blank","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40044371","display_name":"Foundation for Child Development","ror":"https://ror.org/02kgj4n82","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40044371"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan W. Blank","raw_affiliation_strings":["Foundation for Child Development, New York City, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foundation for Child Development, New York City, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40044371"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034566697","display_name":"Barbara B. Blum","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara B. Blum","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3922,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90764482,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"28","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13888","display_name":"Social Policies and Family","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10443","display_name":"Social Policy and Reform Studies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aid-to-families-with-dependent-children","display_name":"Aid to Families with Dependent Children","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welfare-mothers","display_name":"welfare mothers","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-incentives","display_name":"work incentives","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welfare-to-work","display_name":"workfare","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-incentive-program","display_name":"Work Incentive Program","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-support-act-of-1988","display_name":"Family Support Act of 1988","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welfare-reform","display_name":"welfare reform","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-parent-families","display_name":"single-parent families","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-well-being","display_name":"child well-being","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-implementation","display_name":"policy implementation","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-welfare-policy","display_name":"history of welfare policy","score":0.6850000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.7807165384292603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777022163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7980969","display_name":"Welfare reform","level":3,"score":0.6765877604484558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6476352214813232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6367802619934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779964582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4696621","display_name":"Aid to Families with Dependent Children","level":4,"score":0.6301291584968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19159745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828395","display_name":"Social policy","level":2,"score":0.4131101667881012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911196330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326354","display_name":"Child rearing","level":2,"score":0.41030555963516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3985769748687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.35458385944366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3509647250175476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.34779685735702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3294795751571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.265469491481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.25761550664901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.12272191047668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07480764389038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000385","descriptor_name":"Aid to Families with Dependent Children","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000385","descriptor_name":"Aid to Families with Dependent Children","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009035","descriptor_name":"Mothers","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011640","descriptor_name":"Public Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014931","descriptor_name":"Women, Working","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1602575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1602575","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1602575","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2920767","display_name":"The Future of Children","issn_l":"1054-8289","issn":["1054-8289","1550-1558"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315874","host_organization_name":"Princeton School of Public and International Affairs","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315874","https://openalex.org/P4310316273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Princeton School of Public and International Affairs","Princeton University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Future of Children","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9170730","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9170730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Future of children","raw_type":"Historical Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6452000141143799,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5676000118255615,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.41670000553131104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W93653485","https://openalex.org/W94277678","https://openalex.org/W1510265963","https://openalex.org/W1542145016","https://openalex.org/W1845464059","https://openalex.org/W1964676977","https://openalex.org/W1966814233","https://openalex.org/W1975893868","https://openalex.org/W1979323912","https://openalex.org/W2011560256","https://openalex.org/W2024252779","https://openalex.org/W2030385385","https://openalex.org/W2034748007","https://openalex.org/W2086288149","https://openalex.org/W2093532744","https://openalex.org/W2169958961","https://openalex.org/W2335044528","https://openalex.org/W2996961632","https://openalex.org/W4317639093"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503751471","https://openalex.org/W7164816290","https://openalex.org/W7025669109","https://openalex.org/W123181097","https://openalex.org/W160535109","https://openalex.org/W1554587019","https://openalex.org/W1981131339","https://openalex.org/W2129585612","https://openalex.org/W131663186","https://openalex.org/W2015588659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,81,118,160],"best":[1],"known":[2],"of":[3,56,64,72,99,110,123,129,140,188],"the":[4,23,33,54,57,62,73,86,95,108,121,127,138,157,185],"nation's":[5],"welfare":[6,111,189],"programs,":[7],"Aid":[8],"to":[9,25,69,103,107,126,172],"Families":[10],"with":[11],"Dependent":[12],"Children":[13],"(AFDC),":[14],"has":[15],"from":[16],"its":[17],"inception":[18],"reflected":[19],"a":[20],"tension":[21],"between":[22],"desire":[24],"support":[26],"children":[27,174],"in":[28,84,92,116,132,165],"poor,":[29],"lone-parent":[30],"families":[31],"and":[32,45,60,66,94,106,135,179],"belief":[34],"that":[35,49,137,181],"parents":[36,74],"should":[37],"be":[38,170],"held":[39],"responsible":[40],"for":[41,43],"providing":[42],"themselves":[44],"their":[46],"children.":[47],"Against":[48],"backdrop,":[50],"this":[51],"article":[52,82,119,161],"reviews":[53],"history":[55],"AFDC":[58],"program":[59],"traces":[61],"emergence":[63],"policies":[65],"programs":[67,134,143,168],"intended":[68],"encourage":[70],"employment":[71],"(almost":[75],"exclusively":[76],"mothers)":[77],"who":[78],"receive":[79],"benefits.":[80],"examines":[83],"detail":[85],"Work":[87],"Incentive":[88],"Program":[89],"(WIN)":[90],"launched":[91],"1967":[93],"Family":[96],"Support":[97],"Act":[98],"1988,":[100],"comparing":[101],"these":[102],"each":[104],"other":[105],"outlines":[109,163],"reform":[112],"signed":[113],"into":[114],"law":[115],"1996.":[117],"emphasizes":[120],"importance":[122],"sustained":[124],"attention":[125],"implementation":[128],"policy":[130],"goals":[131],"concrete":[133],"shows":[136],"merits":[139],"those":[141],"early":[142],"have":[144],"not":[145],"been":[146],"fully":[147],"tested":[148],"because":[149],"they":[150],"were":[151],"never":[152],"funded":[153],"or":[154],"implemented":[155],"at":[156],"scale":[158],"intended.":[159],"also":[162],"ways":[164],"which":[166],"welfare-to-work":[167],"can":[169],"used":[171],"assist":[173],"as":[175,177],"well":[176],"parents,":[178],"urges":[180],"children's":[182],"well-being":[183],"remain":[184],"core":[186],"purpose":[187],"policy.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
