{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1965062356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1987.tb00269.x","title":"Attitudes, Behaviors, and Reasons for Changing Responses Following Answer\u2010Changing Instruction","display_name":"Attitudes, Behaviors, and Reasons for Changing Responses Following Answer\u2010Changing Instruction","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1965062356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1987.tb00269.x","mag":"1965062356"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1987.tb00269.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1987.tb00269.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1987.tb00269.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30638350","display_name":"Journal of Educational Measurement","issn_l":"0022-0655","issn":["0022-0655","1745-3984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064803846","display_name":"Robert F. McMorris","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327163397","display_name":"State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01q1z8k08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188592606","display_name":"Hamilton College","ror":"https://ror.org/05709zb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188592606"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert F. McMorris","raw_affiliation_strings":["LAWRENCE P. DeMERS, Personnel Examiner, New York State Department of Civil Service, W. Averell Harriman State Office Campus, Albany, NY 12239. Degrees: MAT, University of Pittsburgh; MS, State University of New York at Albany. Specialization: measurement","ROBERT F. McMORRIS, Professor, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AB, Hamilton College; MS, PhD, Syracuse University. Specialization: instrument development and interpretation","SHIRLEY SCHWARZ, Research Assistant, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AA, ASN, BA, BSN, University of the State of New York. Specialization: psychology","State University of New York at Albany","LAWRENCE P. DeMERS, Personnel Examiner, New York State Department of Civil Service, W. Averell Harriman State Office Campus, Albany, NY 12239. Degrees: MAT, University of Pittsburgh","MS, PhD, Syracuse University. Specialization: instrument development and interpretation","MS, State University of New York at Albany. Specialization: measurement","ROBERT F. McMORRIS, Professor, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AB, Hamilton College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LAWRENCE P. DeMERS, Personnel Examiner, New York State Department of Civil Service, W. Averell Harriman State Office Campus, Albany, NY 12239. Degrees: MAT, University of Pittsburgh; MS, State University of New York at Albany. Specialization: measurement","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ROBERT F. McMORRIS, Professor, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AB, Hamilton College; MS, PhD, Syracuse University. Specialization: instrument development and interpretation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I392282","https://openalex.org/I70983195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SHIRLEY SCHWARZ, Research Assistant, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AA, ASN, BA, BSN, University of the State of New York. Specialization: psychology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York at Albany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LAWRENCE P. DeMERS, Personnel Examiner, New York State Department of Civil Service, W. Averell Harriman State Office Campus, Albany, NY 12239. Degrees: MAT, University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS, PhD, Syracuse University. Specialization: instrument development and interpretation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS, State University of New York at Albany. Specialization: measurement","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ROBERT F. McMORRIS, Professor, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AB, Hamilton College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I188592606","https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068264841","display_name":"Lawrence P. DeMers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327163397","display_name":"State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01q1z8k08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188592606","display_name":"Hamilton College","ror":"https://ror.org/05709zb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188592606"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence P. DeMers","raw_affiliation_strings":["LAWRENCE P. DeMERS, Personnel Examiner, New York State Department of Civil Service, W. Averell Harriman State Office Campus, Albany, NY 12239. Degrees: MAT, University of Pittsburgh; MS, State University of New York at Albany. Specialization: measurement","ROBERT F. McMORRIS, Professor, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AB, Hamilton College; MS, PhD, Syracuse University. Specialization: instrument development and interpretation","SHIRLEY SCHWARZ, Research Assistant, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AA, ASN, BA, BSN, University of the State of New York. Specialization: psychology","State University of New York at Albany","LAWRENCE P. DeMERS, Personnel Examiner, New York State Department of Civil Service, W. Averell Harriman State Office Campus, Albany, NY 12239. Degrees: MAT, University of Pittsburgh","MS, PhD, Syracuse University. Specialization: instrument development and interpretation","MS, State University of New York at Albany. Specialization: measurement","ROBERT F. McMORRIS, Professor, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AB, Hamilton College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LAWRENCE P. DeMERS, Personnel Examiner, New York State Department of Civil Service, W. Averell Harriman State Office Campus, Albany, NY 12239. Degrees: MAT, University of Pittsburgh; MS, State University of New York at Albany. Specialization: measurement","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ROBERT F. McMORRIS, Professor, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AB, Hamilton College; MS, PhD, Syracuse University. Specialization: instrument development and interpretation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I392282","https://openalex.org/I70983195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SHIRLEY SCHWARZ, Research Assistant, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AA, ASN, BA, BSN, University of the State of New York. Specialization: psychology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York at Albany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LAWRENCE P. DeMERS, Personnel Examiner, New York State Department of Civil Service, W. Averell Harriman State Office Campus, Albany, NY 12239. Degrees: MAT, University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS, PhD, Syracuse University. Specialization: instrument development and interpretation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS, State University of New York at Albany. Specialization: measurement","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ROBERT F. McMORRIS, Professor, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AB, Hamilton College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I188592606","https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034490457","display_name":"Shirley P. Schwarz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327163397","display_name":"State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01q1z8k08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188592606","display_name":"Hamilton College","ror":"https://ror.org/05709zb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188592606"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shirley P. Schwarz","raw_affiliation_strings":["LAWRENCE P. DeMERS, Personnel Examiner, New York State Department of Civil Service, W. Averell Harriman State Office Campus, Albany, NY 12239. Degrees: MAT, University of Pittsburgh; MS, State University of New York at Albany. Specialization: measurement","ROBERT F. McMORRIS, Professor, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AB, Hamilton College; MS, PhD, Syracuse University. Specialization: instrument development and interpretation","SHIRLEY SCHWARZ, Research Assistant, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AA, ASN, BA, BSN, University of the State of New York. Specialization: psychology","State University of New York at Albany","LAWRENCE P. DeMERS, Personnel Examiner, New York State Department of Civil Service, W. Averell Harriman State Office Campus, Albany, NY 12239. Degrees: MAT, University of Pittsburgh","MS, PhD, Syracuse University. Specialization: instrument development and interpretation","MS, State University of New York at Albany. Specialization: measurement","ROBERT F. McMORRIS, Professor, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AB, Hamilton College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LAWRENCE P. DeMERS, Personnel Examiner, New York State Department of Civil Service, W. Averell Harriman State Office Campus, Albany, NY 12239. Degrees: MAT, University of Pittsburgh; MS, State University of New York at Albany. Specialization: measurement","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ROBERT F. McMORRIS, Professor, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AB, Hamilton College; MS, PhD, Syracuse University. Specialization: instrument development and interpretation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I392282","https://openalex.org/I70983195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SHIRLEY SCHWARZ, Research Assistant, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AA, ASN, BA, BSN, University of the State of New York. Specialization: psychology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York at Albany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LAWRENCE P. DeMERS, Personnel Examiner, New York State Department of Civil Service, W. Averell Harriman State Office Campus, Albany, NY 12239. Degrees: MAT, University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS, PhD, Syracuse University. Specialization: instrument development and interpretation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MS, State University of New York at Albany. Specialization: measurement","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ROBERT F. McMORRIS, Professor, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222. Degrees: AB, Hamilton College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I188592606","https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064803846"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I188592606","https://openalex.org/I392282","https://openalex.org/I70983195"],"apc_list":{"value":3040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3040},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1812,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73387922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"131","last_page":"143"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.8769999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.8769999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10959","display_name":"Student Assessment and Feedback","score":0.05270000174641609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.019099999219179153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-taking-strategies","display_name":"test-taking strategies","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-attitudes","display_name":"student attitudes","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-behavior","display_name":"student behavior","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clerical-errors","display_name":"clerical errors","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-education","display_name":"measurement education","score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graduate-students","display_name":"graduate students","score":0.45899999141693115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6908206939697266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.677757978439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018868096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2693233","display_name":"Internal consistency","level":3,"score":0.5594200491905212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.531511664390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020528894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20820271","display_name":"Graduate students","level":2,"score":0.5241805911064148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5174239873886108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4172816872596741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.25859910249710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.23975777626037598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.17477545142173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11545699834823608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1987.tb00269.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1987.tb00269.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1987.tb00269.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30638350","display_name":"Journal of Educational Measurement","issn_l":"0022-0655","issn":["0022-0655","1745-3984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8278999924659729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W166847688","https://openalex.org/W232431490","https://openalex.org/W265592735","https://openalex.org/W268267406","https://openalex.org/W309497901","https://openalex.org/W340793689","https://openalex.org/W626872253","https://openalex.org/W1491710579","https://openalex.org/W1504514129","https://openalex.org/W1509686825","https://openalex.org/W1968481175","https://openalex.org/W1971780274","https://openalex.org/W1977740965","https://openalex.org/W1979479161","https://openalex.org/W1983351999","https://openalex.org/W1985203548","https://openalex.org/W1988582179","https://openalex.org/W1989736578","https://openalex.org/W2029809999","https://openalex.org/W2038283343","https://openalex.org/W2045923070","https://openalex.org/W2052179457","https://openalex.org/W2074841799","https://openalex.org/W2089787791","https://openalex.org/W2094419105","https://openalex.org/W2098026596","https://openalex.org/W2100423063","https://openalex.org/W2160561297","https://openalex.org/W2563989420"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121403546","https://openalex.org/W2061254357","https://openalex.org/W340793689","https://openalex.org/W1983649793","https://openalex.org/W1985203548","https://openalex.org/W242004614","https://openalex.org/W2269351315","https://openalex.org/W7099046910","https://openalex.org/W2068223840","https://openalex.org/W2539197425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Contrary":[0],"to":[1,58],"the":[2,29,35,41,54,84,92,100,105,108,132],"adage":[3],"warning":[4],"against":[5],"changing":[6,12],"test":[7],"answers,":[8],"mean":[9],"gain":[10,22,36,65,71],"from":[11],"has":[13],"been":[14],"an":[15],"invariant":[16],"research":[17,30,136],"finding.":[18],"Consistency":[19],"of":[20,34,78],"this":[21],"was":[23,37,80,91,107],"tested":[24],"for":[25,44,72,97,135],"students":[26],"instructed":[27,52],"about":[28,53],"results,":[31],"and":[32,61,68,86,102,117,137],"composition":[33],"analyzed":[38],"by":[39,114],"examining":[40],"students'":[42],"reasons":[43],"changing.":[45,98],"Students":[46],"in":[47,131],"six":[48],"graduate":[49],"measurement":[50],"classes":[51],"answer\u2010changing":[55],"literature":[56],"responded":[57],"three":[59],"exams":[60],"a":[62,88,119],"questionnaire.":[63],"Mean":[64],"remained":[66],"positive":[67],"consistent":[69],"with":[70],"previously":[73],"studied":[74],"uninstructed":[75],"groups;":[76],"amount":[77],"change":[79],"also":[81],"stable.":[82],"\u201cRethinking":[83],"item":[85,101],"conceptualizing":[87],"better":[89,103],"answer\u201d":[90],"most":[93,110],"frequent":[94],"reason":[95],"given":[96],"\u201cRereading":[99],"understanding":[104],"question\u201d":[106],"second":[109],"cited":[111],"reason,":[112,126],"followed":[113],"\u201crereading/rethinking\u201d":[115],"combined,":[116],"\u201cmaking":[118],"clerical":[120],"error.\u201d":[121],"For":[122],"each":[123],"frequently":[124],"used":[125],"wrong\u2010to\u2010right":[127],"(WR)":[128],"changes":[129],"were":[130],"majority.":[133],"Implications":[134],"practice":[138],"are":[139],"discussed.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}