{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1965019847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104344","title":"Diabetes, Obesity, and the Brain","display_name":"Diabetes, Obesity, and the Brain","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1965019847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104344","mag":"1965019847","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15662002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.1104344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053926256","display_name":"Michael W. Schwartz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1619-0331","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1619-0331"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802336062","display_name":"Harborview Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/059jq5127","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801852214","https://openalex.org/I2802336062"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099595","display_name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/00znqwq11","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210099595","https://openalex.org/I4210138663"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael W. Schwartz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Metabolism, Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA","Division of Metabolism, Diabetes and Endocrinology, VA San Diego Health Care System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA","Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98110, USA","Harborview Medical Center, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98110, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Metabolism, Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Metabolism, Diabetes and Endocrinology, VA San Diego Health Care System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harborview Medical Center, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802336062"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108238933","display_name":"Daniel Porte","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802336062","display_name":"Harborview Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/059jq5127","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801852214","https://openalex.org/I2802336062"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099595","display_name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/00znqwq11","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210099595","https://openalex.org/I4210138663"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Porte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Metabolism, Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA","Division of Metabolism, Diabetes and Endocrinology, VA San Diego Health Care System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA","Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98110, USA","Harborview Medical Center, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98110, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Metabolism, Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Metabolism, Diabetes and Endocrinology, VA San Diego Health Care System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harborview Medical Center, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802336062"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053926256"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I2802336062","https://openalex.org/I36258959","https://openalex.org/I4210099595"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.2369,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":839,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99922461,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"307","issue":"5708","first_page":"375","last_page":"379"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10489","display_name":"Regulation of Appetite and Obesity","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2807","display_name":"Endocrine and Autonomic Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10489","display_name":"Regulation of Appetite and Obesity","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2807","display_name":"Endocrine and Autonomic Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10528","display_name":"Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obesity","display_name":"obesity","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain","display_name":"brain","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-homeostasis","display_name":"energy homeostasis","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucose-metabolism","display_name":"glucose metabolism","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-intake","display_name":"energy intake","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-expenditure","display_name":"energy expenditure","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endogenous-glucose-production","display_name":"endogenous glucose production","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutrient-sensing","display_name":"nutrient sensing","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.925000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2491326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5377024","display_name":"Energy homeostasis","level":3,"score":0.6972994208335876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16613235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285982","display_name":"Endogeny","level":2,"score":0.6337961554527283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776030549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7829395","display_name":"Nutrient sensing","level":3,"score":0.6189441680908203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511355011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174","display_name":"Obesity","level":2,"score":0.6072617769241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.6020771265029907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.567025363445282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986317502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570714","display_name":"Energy metabolism","level":2,"score":0.5546725988388062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71315377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364","display_name":"Hormone","level":2,"score":0.5516864657402039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63645605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103191","display_name":"Homeostasis","level":2,"score":0.5419261455535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988147884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5377024","display_name":"Energy expenditure","level":2,"score":0.5093103647232056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.4585310220718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4522245526313782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.4419686496257782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.43470054864883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.34258633852005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62478195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signal transduction","level":2,"score":0.10196173191070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.1000712513923645}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000273","descriptor_name":"Adipose Tissue","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004435","descriptor_name":"Eating","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004734","descriptor_name":"Energy Metabolism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005230","descriptor_name":"Fatty Acids, Nonesterified","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005947","descriptor_name":"Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006706","descriptor_name":"Homeostasis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007031","descriptor_name":"Hypothalamus","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007333","descriptor_name":"Insulin Resistance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008060","descriptor_name":"Lipodystrophy","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009765","descriptor_name":"Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011972","descriptor_name":"Receptor, Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015398","descriptor_name":"Signal Transduction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020738","descriptor_name":"Leptin","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020738","descriptor_name":"Leptin","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.1104344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15662002","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15662002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3318136665","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DK683840","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3428664946","display_name":"Neuroendocrine Control of Energy Balance and Insulin Sensitivity","funder_award_id":"R01DK052989","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6086218970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NS-32273","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00adh9b73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506453366","https://openalex.org/W1512875938","https://openalex.org/W1561443084","https://openalex.org/W1835382466","https://openalex.org/W1912270743","https://openalex.org/W1964532167","https://openalex.org/W1966373813","https://openalex.org/W1977795048","https://openalex.org/W1982060139","https://openalex.org/W1994957236","https://openalex.org/W1996713062","https://openalex.org/W1997565232","https://openalex.org/W2009672790","https://openalex.org/W2016261339","https://openalex.org/W2016850962","https://openalex.org/W2024734221","https://openalex.org/W2028115360","https://openalex.org/W2030893161","https://openalex.org/W2035703541","https://openalex.org/W2037226098","https://openalex.org/W2041315809","https://openalex.org/W2042621509","https://openalex.org/W2042764090","https://openalex.org/W2049454720","https://openalex.org/W2057103413","https://openalex.org/W2074303577","https://openalex.org/W2084310603","https://openalex.org/W2085184474","https://openalex.org/W2085979039","https://openalex.org/W2089779965","https://openalex.org/W2102743478","https://openalex.org/W2104945088","https://openalex.org/W2105470099","https://openalex.org/W2112743857","https://openalex.org/W2115005228","https://openalex.org/W2115177689","https://openalex.org/W2118029488","https://openalex.org/W2123013611","https://openalex.org/W2123926386","https://openalex.org/W2126317966","https://openalex.org/W2126393987","https://openalex.org/W2130190937","https://openalex.org/W2132205533","https://openalex.org/W2136238917","https://openalex.org/W2140622624","https://openalex.org/W2148366635","https://openalex.org/W2153867200","https://openalex.org/W2154555913","https://openalex.org/W2170364012","https://openalex.org/W2316416826","https://openalex.org/W2610011542","https://openalex.org/W4238599503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3092157068","https://openalex.org/W2293357082","https://openalex.org/W7220267142","https://openalex.org/W4409340887","https://openalex.org/W3174303951","https://openalex.org/W2801016083","https://openalex.org/W2117390764","https://openalex.org/W1999640013","https://openalex.org/W2015435039","https://openalex.org/W2057182111"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"evidence":[1],"suggests":[2],"a":[3],"key":[4],"role":[5],"for":[6],"the":[7,10,67,74,85],"brain":[8],"in":[9,73,78,84],"control":[11,80],"of":[12,69],"both":[13,46],"body":[14,47],"fat":[15],"content":[16],"and":[17,28,33,39,50,66,89],"glucose":[18,30,71],"metabolism.":[19],"Neuronal":[20],"systems":[21],"that":[22,42,62],"regulate":[23],"energy":[24,26,48,52,64],"intake,":[25],"expenditure,":[27],"endogenous":[29],"production":[31],"sense":[32],"respond":[34],"to":[35,56],"input":[36],"from":[37],"hormonal":[38],"nutrient-related":[40],"signals":[41],"convey":[43],"information":[44],"regarding":[45],"stores":[49],"current":[51],"availability.":[53],"In":[54],"response":[55],"this":[57,79],"input,":[58],"adaptive":[59],"changes":[60],"occur":[61],"promote":[63],"homeostasis":[65],"maintenance":[68],"blood":[70],"levels":[72],"normal":[75],"range.":[76],"Defects":[77],"system":[81],"are":[82],"implicated":[83],"link":[86],"between":[87],"obesity":[88],"type":[90],"2":[91],"diabetes.":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":48}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}