{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1964963891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/82.4.690","title":"Causal diagrams for empirical research","display_name":"Causal diagrams for empirical research","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1964963891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/82.4.690","mag":"1964963891"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/biomet/82.4.690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/82.4.690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/82.4.690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172180718","display_name":"Biometrika","issn_l":"0006-3444","issn":["0006-3444","1464-3510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biometrika","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106076507","display_name":"Stephen E. Fienberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6753-6016","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6753-6016"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"STEPHEN E. FIENBERG","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047903148","display_name":"Clark Glymour","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"CLARK GLYMOUR","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047533473","display_name":"Peter Spirtes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1385-190X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1385-190X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"PETER SPIRTES","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, U.S.A","Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":{"value":2724,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3592},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4449,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59856854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"82","issue":"4","first_page":"690","last_page":"690"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9179999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9179999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.07509999722242355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-diagrams","display_name":"causal graphs","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"causal inference","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graphs","display_name":"directed acyclic graphs","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"empirical research","score":0.5989999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779251273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43436","display_name":"Pearl","level":2,"score":0.9094009399414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.8074655532836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3925171494483948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3426086902618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12148651480674744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.034481197595596313}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/biomet/82.4.690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/82.4.690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/82.4.690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172180718","display_name":"Biometrika","issn_l":"0006-3444","issn":["0006-3444","1464-3510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biometrika","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2307/2337332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2337332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2337332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172180718","display_name":"Biometrika","issn_l":"0006-3444","issn":["0006-3444","1464-3510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biometrika","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.cmu.edu:philosophy-1308","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.cmu.edu/philosophy/324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050927","display_name":"KiltHub Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","host_organization_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Department of Philosophy","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3151690009","https://openalex.org/W2006539888","https://openalex.org/W4220853751","https://openalex.org/W4220789667","https://openalex.org/W4245266317","https://openalex.org/W7054830079","https://openalex.org/W2891399614","https://openalex.org/W202553049","https://openalex.org/W7152340395","https://openalex.org/W3024378509"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"STEPHEN":[0],"E.":[1],"FIENBERG,":[2],"CLARK":[3],"GLYMOUR,":[4],"PETER":[5],"SPIRTES;":[6],"Causal":[7],"diagrams":[8,15],"for":[9,16],"empirical":[10,17],"research:":[11],"Discussion":[12],"of":[13],"\u2018Causal":[14],"research\u2019":[18],"by":[19],"J.":[20],"Pea":[21]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
