{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1964885336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1160686","title":"Competition between foragers and food-producers on the Botletli River, Botswana","display_name":"Competition between foragers and food-producers on the Botletli River, Botswana","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1964885336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1160686","mag":"1964885336"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1160686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1160686","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1160686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128375914","display_name":"Africa","issn_l":"0001-9720","issn":["0001-9720","1750-0184"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Africa","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064425666","display_name":"Elizabeth Cashdan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-1539","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-1539"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Cashdan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064425666"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9615,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8515625,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"3","first_page":"299","last_page":"318"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13256","display_name":"Archaeology and Rock Art Studies","score":0.42649999260902405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13256","display_name":"Archaeology and Rock Art Studies","score":0.42649999260902405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13162","display_name":"African Studies and Ethnography","score":0.11240000277757645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13864","display_name":"Indigenous Cultures and History","score":0.11069999635219574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hunter-gatherers","display_name":"hunter-gatherers","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-biology","display_name":"competition (biology)","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration","display_name":"immigration","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cattle-ownership","display_name":"cattle ownership","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsistence-strategies","display_name":"subsistence strategies","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-organization","display_name":"social organization","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prehistoric-settlement","display_name":"prehistoric settlement","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/savanna","display_name":"savanna","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botswana","display_name":"Botswana","score":0.5559999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156005406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2787508","display_name":"Subsistence agriculture","level":3,"score":0.7838053703308105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6369976997375488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6107346415519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.5827120542526245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.5684055089950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155681218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193110","display_name":"Floodplain","level":2,"score":0.4775274991989136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.44651639461517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.375668466091156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.3261624574661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2549261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455","display_name":"Ethnology","level":1,"score":0.32053980231285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.24171864986419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.13796615600585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09418198466300964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1160686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1160686","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1160686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128375914","display_name":"Africa","issn_l":"0001-9720","issn":["0001-9720","1750-0184"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Africa","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W656274442","https://openalex.org/W1481169600","https://openalex.org/W1487782450","https://openalex.org/W1490554300","https://openalex.org/W1518939062","https://openalex.org/W1521836703","https://openalex.org/W1524861679","https://openalex.org/W1535595542","https://openalex.org/W1583360051","https://openalex.org/W1585003998","https://openalex.org/W1595440580","https://openalex.org/W1972975463","https://openalex.org/W2003087537","https://openalex.org/W2015534618","https://openalex.org/W2021139052","https://openalex.org/W2057548727","https://openalex.org/W2060023066","https://openalex.org/W2066745959","https://openalex.org/W2085899999","https://openalex.org/W2086219671","https://openalex.org/W2086330473","https://openalex.org/W2098128836","https://openalex.org/W2103990481","https://openalex.org/W2150405254","https://openalex.org/W2155075336","https://openalex.org/W2223223592","https://openalex.org/W2254708121","https://openalex.org/W2257265577","https://openalex.org/W2259825677","https://openalex.org/W2276958484","https://openalex.org/W2293922693","https://openalex.org/W2322940662","https://openalex.org/W2323396814","https://openalex.org/W2327941640","https://openalex.org/W2330907757","https://openalex.org/W2331740285","https://openalex.org/W2334697594","https://openalex.org/W2341429064","https://openalex.org/W2795727188","https://openalex.org/W2797996995","https://openalex.org/W2971906649","https://openalex.org/W3134978689","https://openalex.org/W3149329182","https://openalex.org/W4238692599","https://openalex.org/W4247531537","https://openalex.org/W4255770857","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6674683162","https://openalex.org/W6692721101","https://openalex.org/W6767407678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2461258621","https://openalex.org/W7095295706","https://openalex.org/W2076630040","https://openalex.org/W1582914851","https://openalex.org/W619570985","https://openalex.org/W2100067101","https://openalex.org/W2486221043","https://openalex.org/W6961113779","https://openalex.org/W2257377045","https://openalex.org/W2229264337"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Opening":[0],"Paragraph":[1],"The":[2],"immigration":[3],"of":[4,34,44,85,95],"food-producing":[5],"groups":[6,33,63,112],"into":[7],"areas":[8],"occupied":[9],"by":[10,27,73],"hunters":[11],"and":[12,67,70,76,100,107],"gatherers":[13],"must":[14],"have":[15,101],"been":[16],"a":[17,54],"common":[18],"occurrence":[19],"in":[20,65,78],"prehistory.":[21],"How":[22,106],"were":[23,71],"the":[24,41,45,49,52,59,83,86,96,110,117],"hunter-gatherers":[25],"affected":[26,72],"this?":[28],"I":[29],"describe":[30],"here":[31],"two":[32,62,111],"Kalahari":[35],"Basarwa":[36,84],"(\u2018Bushmen\u2019),":[37],"one":[38],"living":[39],"along":[40],"flood":[42,87],"plain":[43,88],"lower":[46],"Botletli":[47],"river,":[48],"other":[50],"occupying":[51],"savanna":[53,97],"short":[55],"distance":[56],"away":[57],"from":[58],"river.":[60],"These":[61],"differed":[64],"subsistence":[66],"social":[68],"organisation":[69],"immigrant":[74],"herders":[75],"farmers":[77],"strikingly":[79],"different":[80],"ways.":[81],"Today":[82],"are":[89,98],"wealthy":[90],"cattle":[91],"owners,":[92],"whereas":[93],"those":[94],"poor":[99],"few":[102],"or":[103],"no":[104],"cattle.":[105],"why":[108],"did":[109],"respond":[113],"so":[114],"differently":[115],"to":[116],"same":[118],"competitive":[119],"threat?":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}