{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1964883871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875934300902010072","title":"Comparison of Alternative Representational Formats for Hyperlinks: Pictogram, Labeled-Pictogram, and Text","display_name":"Comparison of Alternative Representational Formats for Hyperlinks: Pictogram, Labeled-Pictogram, and Text","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1964883871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875934300902010072","mag":"1964883871"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2174/1875934300902010072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875934300902010072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875934300902010072","pdf_url":"http://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOERGJ/TOERGJ-2-72.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124952047","display_name":"The Ergonomics Open Journal","issn_l":"1875-9343","issn":["1875-9343"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Ergonomics Open Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"http://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOERGJ/TOERGJ-2-72.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006442846","display_name":"Miki Namatame","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24254649","display_name":"Tsukuba University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/057bx9y85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24254649"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miki Namatame","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsukuba University of Technology, 4-3-15 Amakubo Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8520 Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsukuba University of Technology, 4-3-15 Amakubo Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8520 Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24254649"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066522225","display_name":"Mun\u00e9o Kitajima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0310-2796","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0310-2796"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24254649","display_name":"Tsukuba University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/057bx9y85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24254649"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muneo Kitajima","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan","Tsukuba University of Technology , 4-3-15 Amakubo Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8520 Japan;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsukuba University of Technology , 4-3-15 Amakubo Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8520 Japan;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24254649"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31778169,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"72","last_page":"79"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.4115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.4115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.3352000117301941,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.05180000141263008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperlinks","display_name":"hyperlinks","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pictograms","display_name":"pictograms","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-directories","display_name":"web directories","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deaf-users","display_name":"deaf users","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accessibility","display_name":"accessibility","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movements","display_name":"eye movements","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-search","display_name":"information search","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/website-navigation","display_name":"web navigation","score":0.3190000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7220189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52827","display_name":"Pictogram","level":2,"score":0.9306261539459229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777683733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201456","display_name":"Directory","level":2,"score":0.7775464057922363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6685246825218201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30088001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102014","display_name":"Hyperlink","level":3,"score":0.5411422252655029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5152302384376526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5146942734718323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.43579694628715515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4239649772644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4175291359424591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3662678301334381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21959979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36774","display_name":"Web page","level":2,"score":0.33921515941619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32184308767318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.17051419615745544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2174/1875934300902010072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875934300902010072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875934300902010072","pdf_url":"http://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOERGJ/TOERGJ-2-72.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124952047","display_name":"The Ergonomics Open Journal","issn_l":"1875-9343","issn":["1875-9343"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Ergonomics Open Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2174/1875934300902010072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875934300902010072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875934300902010072","pdf_url":"http://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOERGJ/TOERGJ-2-72.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124952047","display_name":"The Ergonomics Open Journal","issn_l":"1875-9343","issn":["1875-9343"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Ergonomics Open Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1964883871.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1964883871.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519515494","https://openalex.org/W1838342022","https://openalex.org/W1979881690","https://openalex.org/W1999330823","https://openalex.org/W2137052257","https://openalex.org/W2157460398","https://openalex.org/W2301055535"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063184931","https://openalex.org/W7098239153","https://openalex.org/W2165325331","https://openalex.org/W1975645350","https://openalex.org/W7011129516","https://openalex.org/W2231799894","https://openalex.org/W2014483411","https://openalex.org/W2363690015","https://openalex.org/W7020309279","https://openalex.org/W2099313713"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"reports":[2],"an":[3],"eye-tracking":[4],"experiment":[5,27],"conducted":[6],"to":[7,34,57,85],"compare":[8],"alternative":[9,69],"representations":[10],"of":[11,20,60,66,73,90,108,134],"directories":[12,41,62],"typically":[13],"shown":[14],"on":[15],"web":[16],"pages":[17],"in":[18,44,64,111,118,132],"search":[19,32,92],"a":[21,29],"best":[22],"representation":[23],"for":[24,71],"deaf":[25,50,100,127],"persons.The":[26],"simulated":[28],"directorybased":[30],"information":[31],"task":[33],"understand":[35,86],"how":[36,87],"it":[37],"is":[38],"performed":[39,129],"when":[40],"are":[42],"represented":[43,63],"text,":[45],"labeledpictograms,":[46],"or":[47],"unlabeled-pictograms.":[48],"Twenty-one":[49],"and":[51,98,125],"21":[52],"hearing":[53,96,123],"participants":[54],"were":[55,79],"asked":[56],"select":[58],"one":[59,65],"27":[61],"the":[67,82,88,95,99,106,109,119,122,126,135],"three":[68],"formats":[70],"each":[72],"38":[74],"queries.The":[75],"eye":[76,136],"movement":[77,137],"data":[78],"analyzed":[80],"by":[81,94],"parametric":[83],"ANOVA":[84],"method":[89],"directory":[91,112],"adopted":[93],"group":[97,101,124,128],"might":[102],"be":[103],"different":[104],"under":[105],"influence":[107],"differences":[110],"representations.The":[113],"result":[114],"demonstrated":[115],"that":[116],"only":[117],"labeled-pictogram":[120],"representation,":[121],"equally":[130],"well":[131],"terms":[133],"measures.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}