{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1964802414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(196810)4:4<365::aid-jhbs2300040406>3.0.co;2-o","title":"Prerequisite to an analysis of behaviorism: The conscious automaton theory from Spalding to William James","display_name":"Prerequisite to an analysis of behaviorism: The conscious automaton theory from Spalding to William James","publication_year":1968,"publication_date":"1968-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1964802414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(196810)4:4<365::aid-jhbs2300040406>3.0.co;2-o","mag":"1964802414"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/1520-6696(196810)4:4<365::aid-jhbs2300040406>3.0.co;2-o","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(196810)4:4<365::aid-jhbs2300040406>3.0.co;2-o","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(196810)4:4<365::aid-jhbs2300040406>3.0.co;2-o","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143903698","display_name":"Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":"0022-5061","issn":["0022-5061","1520-6696"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048180166","display_name":"Philip Howard Gray","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","display_name":"Montana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w0trx84","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399","https://openalex.org/I4210126032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Philip Howard Gray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Montana State University","Montana State Univ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Montana State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Montana State Univ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048180166"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"],"apc_list":{"value":3570,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3570},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07819905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"365","last_page":"376"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12430","display_name":"Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3200","display_name":"General Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12430","display_name":"Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3200","display_name":"General Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behaviorism","display_name":"behaviorism","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/william-james","display_name":"William James","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spalding","display_name":"Spalding","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-psychology","display_name":"history of psychology","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavior-analysis","display_name":"behavior analysis","score":0.30399999022483826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79053195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168338","display_name":"Behaviorism","level":2,"score":0.7773038148880005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.5266641974449158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.4875759482383728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.3654995858669281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3057483434677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2627607583999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16267040371894836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11726781725883484}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/1520-6696(196810)4:4<365::aid-jhbs2300040406>3.0.co;2-o","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(196810)4:4<365::aid-jhbs2300040406>3.0.co;2-o","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(196810)4:4<365::aid-jhbs2300040406>3.0.co;2-o","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143903698","display_name":"Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":"0022-5061","issn":["0022-5061","1520-6696"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67545470","https://openalex.org/W1490685965","https://openalex.org/W1592216841","https://openalex.org/W1949249468","https://openalex.org/W1975555901","https://openalex.org/W1995414944","https://openalex.org/W2006042450","https://openalex.org/W2010107657","https://openalex.org/W2011424451","https://openalex.org/W2018233467","https://openalex.org/W2018873010","https://openalex.org/W2020676569","https://openalex.org/W2025128064","https://openalex.org/W2031012602","https://openalex.org/W2040352782","https://openalex.org/W2053131064","https://openalex.org/W2066147592","https://openalex.org/W2069200517","https://openalex.org/W2080659696","https://openalex.org/W2085264446","https://openalex.org/W2094613792","https://openalex.org/W2130567564","https://openalex.org/W2137912837","https://openalex.org/W2155546662","https://openalex.org/W2317194633","https://openalex.org/W2476135173","https://openalex.org/W2506538210","https://openalex.org/W2751074013","https://openalex.org/W2751379301","https://openalex.org/W2752843084","https://openalex.org/W2767265567","https://openalex.org/W2767797076","https://openalex.org/W2895204597","https://openalex.org/W3126590595","https://openalex.org/W4238929526","https://openalex.org/W6767142860","https://openalex.org/W6792311986"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2821178063","https://openalex.org/W2060066549","https://openalex.org/W2337251243","https://openalex.org/W1978475200","https://openalex.org/W2041865323","https://openalex.org/W1997737677","https://openalex.org/W2334517053","https://openalex.org/W1638408097","https://openalex.org/W2062121164","https://openalex.org/W2073177830"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
