{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1964785990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.895282","title":"Do the Ends Justify the Means? A Test of Alternatives to the FDA Proposed Cigarette Warning Labels","display_name":"Do the Ends Justify the Means? A Test of Alternatives to the FDA Proposed Cigarette Warning Labels","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1964785990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.895282","mag":"1964785990","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25119144"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.895282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.895282","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.895282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108453729","display_name":"Health Communication","issn_l":"1041-0236","issn":["1041-0236","1532-7027"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069195370","display_name":"Sahara E. Byrne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5650-3932","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5650-3932"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sahara Byrne","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Department of Communication , Cornell University","Cornell University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Department of Communication , Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010997120","display_name":"Sherri Jean Katz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7078-6158","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7078-6158"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherri Jean Katz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication, Cornell University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication, Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002294880","display_name":"Alan Mathios","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3718-7000","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3718-7000"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Mathios","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University","Cornell University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043885556","display_name":"Jeff Niederdeppe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7686-1526","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7686-1526"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Niederdeppe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication, Cornell University","Cornell University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication, Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069195370"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6591,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88734226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"7","first_page":"680","last_page":"693"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12214","display_name":"Media Influence and Health","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cigarette-warning-labels","display_name":"cigarette warning labels","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fda-regulation","display_name":"FDA regulation","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pictorial-warning-labels","display_name":"graphic warning labels","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-risk-beliefs","display_name":"health risk beliefs","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-fear","display_name":"perceived fear","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-effectiveness","display_name":"message effectiveness","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intention-to-quit-smoking","display_name":"smoking cessation intentions","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-communication-policy","display_name":"health communication policy","score":0.36800000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018890749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204711","display_name":"Food and drug administration","level":2,"score":0.5863741040229797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5857182145118713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5512104630470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5291096568107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67677051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5439364","display_name":"Fear appeal","level":2,"score":0.4536612927913666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.44781234860420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.43379852175712585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163355716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154783","display_name":"Risk perception","level":3,"score":0.4253539443016052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.4127180874347687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.40314802527427673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3126581013202667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24117803573608398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.17886999249458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000074606","descriptor_name":"Smoking Prevention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005239","descriptor_name":"Fear","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007722","descriptor_name":"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011356","descriptor_name":"Product Labeling","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014486","descriptor_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016540","descriptor_name":"Smoking Cessation","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033182","descriptor_name":"Intention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062789","descriptor_name":"Tobacco Products","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.895282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.895282","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.895282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108453729","display_name":"Health Communication","issn_l":"1041-0236","issn":["1041-0236","1532-7027"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25119144","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25119144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health communication","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8371999859809875,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104620136","https://openalex.org/W1849190772","https://openalex.org/W1965340325","https://openalex.org/W1979492569","https://openalex.org/W1982440129","https://openalex.org/W1984426948","https://openalex.org/W1985739447","https://openalex.org/W1987265296","https://openalex.org/W1995944918","https://openalex.org/W1996577287","https://openalex.org/W1997092577","https://openalex.org/W2003003078","https://openalex.org/W2012818426","https://openalex.org/W2017785078","https://openalex.org/W2026160460","https://openalex.org/W2031678686","https://openalex.org/W2039498296","https://openalex.org/W2043048695","https://openalex.org/W2052214523","https://openalex.org/W2079431107","https://openalex.org/W2081430061","https://openalex.org/W2083193472","https://openalex.org/W2083855115","https://openalex.org/W2100156519","https://openalex.org/W2110838683","https://openalex.org/W2122581187","https://openalex.org/W2123177760","https://openalex.org/W2127885482","https://openalex.org/W2156566376","https://openalex.org/W2164301943","https://openalex.org/W2751126392","https://openalex.org/W2890839629","https://openalex.org/W3121344551","https://openalex.org/W3124325228","https://openalex.org/W3124896436"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2155275830","https://openalex.org/W2124604040","https://openalex.org/W2563732081","https://openalex.org/W2468171019","https://openalex.org/W2166037604","https://openalex.org/W2022104091","https://openalex.org/W4230708024","https://openalex.org/W2774526665","https://openalex.org/W3086681339","https://openalex.org/W43348620"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Three":[0],"studies":[1,56,88],"provide":[2],"empirical,":[3],"social":[4],"scientific":[5],"tests":[6],"of":[7,38,45,62,139,157],"alternatives":[8],"to":[9,74],"the":[10,36,39,59,84,158],"originally":[11],"proposed":[12],"U.S.":[13],"Food":[14],"and":[15,29,65,72,86,121,134,149,165],"Drug":[16],"Administration":[17],"(FDA)":[18],"cigarette":[19,46],"package":[20,47],"warning":[21,48,106,110,112,119,129],"labels":[22,130],"on":[23],"health":[24,63],"risk":[25],"beliefs,":[26],"perceived":[27,66],"fear,":[28,140],"effectiveness.":[30,151],"Our":[31],"research":[32],"addresses":[33],"questions":[34],"at":[35],"root":[37],"legal":[40],"disputes":[41],"surrounding":[42],"FDA":[43],"regulation":[44],"labels.":[49],"Specifically,":[50],"we":[51],"describe":[52],"results":[53],"from":[54],"three":[55],"that":[57,127],"investigate":[58],"mediating":[60],"role":[61],"beliefs":[64],"fear":[67],"in":[68,142],"shaping":[69],"message":[70],"effectiveness":[71],"intentions":[73],"quit.":[75],"The":[76],"first":[77],"study":[78,94],"featured":[79],"nonsmoking":[80],"young":[81],"adults,":[82],"while":[83],"second":[85],"third":[87],"sampled":[89],"adult":[90],"daily":[91],"smokers.":[92],"Each":[93],"was":[95],"a":[96,155],"randomized":[97],"experiment":[98],"with":[99,146,154],"five":[100],"warning-label":[101],"image":[102],"conditions:":[103],"full-color":[104],"graphic":[105,109,115,128],"labels,":[107,111,120],"black-and-white":[108],"text":[113],"(no":[114],"image),":[116],"Surgeon":[117],"General's":[118],"no":[122],"warning.":[123],"Results":[124],"consistently":[125],"indicate":[126],"(in":[131],"both":[132],"color":[133],"black-and-white)":[135],"promote":[136],"increased":[137],"perceptions":[138],"which":[141],"turn":[143],"are":[144],"associated":[145],"greater":[147],"(perceived":[148],"actual)":[150],"We":[152],"conclude":[153],"discussion":[156],"results,":[159],"highlighting":[160],"implications,":[161],"public":[162],"policy":[163],"considerations,":[164],"suggestions":[166],"for":[167],"future":[168],"research.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}