{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1964581499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5320.1855","title":"A Role for Ecotones in Generating Rainforest Biodiversity","display_name":"A Role for Ecotones in Generating Rainforest Biodiversity","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1964581499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5320.1855","mag":"1964581499"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.276.5320.1855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5320.1855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5320.1855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059157050","display_name":"Thomas B. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5978-6912","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5978-6912"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321067030","display_name":"Zoological Society of London","ror":"https://ror.org/03px4ez74","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321067030"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas B. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["D. J. Girman, Romberg-Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94920 USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA","M. W. Bruford, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK","R. K. Wayne, Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","T. B. Smith, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D. J. Girman, Romberg-Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94920 USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634","https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"M. W. Bruford, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321067030"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"R. K. Wayne, Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"T. B. Smith, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634","https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086561629","display_name":"Robert K. Wayne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3537-2245","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3537-2245"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321067030","display_name":"Zoological Society of London","ror":"https://ror.org/03px4ez74","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321067030"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert K. Wayne","raw_affiliation_strings":["D. J. Girman, Romberg-Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94920 USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA","M. W. Bruford, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK","R. K. Wayne, Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","T. B. Smith, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D. J. Girman, Romberg-Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94920 USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634","https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"M. W. Bruford, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321067030"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"R. K. Wayne, Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"T. B. Smith, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634","https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073087606","display_name":"Derek J. Girman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-9354","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-9354"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321067030","display_name":"Zoological Society of London","ror":"https://ror.org/03px4ez74","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321067030"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derek J. Girman","raw_affiliation_strings":["D. J. Girman, Romberg-Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94920 USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA","M. W. Bruford, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK","R. K. Wayne, Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","T. B. Smith, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D. J. Girman, Romberg-Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94920 USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634","https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"M. W. Bruford, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321067030"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"R. K. Wayne, Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"T. B. Smith, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634","https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066987950","display_name":"Michael W. Bruford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6357-6080","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6357-6080"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321067030","display_name":"Zoological Society of London","ror":"https://ror.org/03px4ez74","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321067030"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael W. Bruford","raw_affiliation_strings":["D. J. Girman, Romberg-Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94920 USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA","M. W. Bruford, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK","R. K. Wayne, Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","T. B. Smith, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D. J. Girman, Romberg-Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94920 USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634","https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"M. W. Bruford, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321067030"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"R. K. Wayne, Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"T. B. Smith, Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634","https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059157050"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321067030","https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I71838634","https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.6341,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":676,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97988692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"276","issue":"5320","first_page":"1855","last_page":"1857"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10012","display_name":"Genetic diversity and population structure","score":0.9077000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10012","display_name":"Genetic diversity and population structure","score":0.9077000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.04320000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10089","display_name":"Avian ecology and behavior","score":0.01360000018030405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecotone","display_name":"ecotone","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passerine-birds","display_name":"Passeriformes","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-flow","display_name":"gene flow","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphological-divergence","display_name":"morphological divergence","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-selection","display_name":"natural selection","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speciation","display_name":"speciation","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/habitat-differentiation","display_name":"habitat differentiation","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-novelty","display_name":"evolutionary innovation","score":0.7570000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2619416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9444","display_name":"Rainforest","level":2,"score":0.957707405090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199877563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55613","display_name":"Ecotone","level":3,"score":0.9090670943260193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.698614239692688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.6408637166023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.5474853515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555313981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199403","display_name":"Tropical rainforest","level":3,"score":0.5281602740287781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5160045623779297}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.276.5320.1855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5320.1855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5320.1855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.560.9008","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.560.9008","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/research/raindiv/smith-science-role-for-ecotones-1997.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:65248","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/65248/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.9599999785423279}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54387469","https://openalex.org/W93588716","https://openalex.org/W566331836","https://openalex.org/W1525122349","https://openalex.org/W1541871454","https://openalex.org/W1907733689","https://openalex.org/W1969444218","https://openalex.org/W1995338505","https://openalex.org/W1997333644","https://openalex.org/W2006791712","https://openalex.org/W2007993714","https://openalex.org/W2014452535","https://openalex.org/W2031398139","https://openalex.org/W2061343312","https://openalex.org/W2062794642","https://openalex.org/W2066362596","https://openalex.org/W2086869357","https://openalex.org/W2088665077","https://openalex.org/W2176781460","https://openalex.org/W2315157000","https://openalex.org/W2316574134","https://openalex.org/W2331035899","https://openalex.org/W2579074585","https://openalex.org/W3022284094","https://openalex.org/W3123606756","https://openalex.org/W6814433875"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099637809","https://openalex.org/W4318669075","https://openalex.org/W89207897","https://openalex.org/W1913882612","https://openalex.org/W2161753327","https://openalex.org/W2474654710","https://openalex.org/W2078760889","https://openalex.org/W2137978109","https://openalex.org/W2739496895","https://openalex.org/W3021689917"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gene":[0],"flow":[1],"and":[2,21,31,40],"morphological":[3,41],"divergence":[4],"were":[5],"measured":[6],"among":[7],"12":[8],"populations":[9],"of":[10,14,59,88],"a":[11,86],"common":[12],"species":[13],"rainforest":[15,30,60,79,111],"passerine.":[16],"Populations":[17],"in":[18,77,99],"the":[19,22,28,103],"forest":[20],"ecotone":[23,82],"(the":[24],"transition":[25],"zone":[26],"between":[27,43,51],"African":[29],"savanna)":[32],"are":[33,45],"morphologically":[34],"divergent,":[35],"despite":[36],"high":[37],"gene":[38],"flow,":[39],"differences":[42],"habitats":[44,83],"as":[46,48],"large":[47],"those":[49],"found":[50],"related":[52],"species.":[53],"In":[54],"contrast":[55],"to":[56,96,101,109],"past":[57],"theories":[58],"speciation,":[61],"which":[62],"emphasize":[63],"geographic":[64],"isolation,":[65],"these":[66],"results":[67],"suggest":[68],"that":[69,105],"natural":[70],"selection":[71],"may":[72,84,106],"play":[73],"an":[74],"important":[75,108],"role":[76],"generating":[78],"biodiversity.":[80],"Because":[81],"be":[85,94,107],"source":[87],"evolutionary":[89],"novelty,":[90],"greater":[91],"attention":[92],"should":[93],"paid":[95],"their":[97],"conservation":[98],"order":[100],"preserve":[102],"processes":[104],"maintain":[110],"diversity.":[112]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":29}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}