{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1964328019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2006.0001","title":"Effects of Urban Rail Transit Expansions: Evidence from Sixteen Cities, 1970-2000","display_name":"Effects of Urban Rail Transit Expansions: Evidence from Sixteen Cities, 1970-2000","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1964328019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2006.0001","mag":"1964328019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/urb.2006.0001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2006.0001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2006.0001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217368","display_name":"Brookings-Wharton papers on urban affairs","issn_l":"1528-7084","issn":["1528-7084","1533-4449"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112218117","display_name":"Nathaniel Brandt Baum-Snow","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathaniel Baum-Snow","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103281228","display_name":"Matthew E. Kahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3334-9132","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3334-9132"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew E. Kahn","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.881,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":206,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99055723,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2005","issue":"1","first_page":"147","last_page":"206"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9082000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9082000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.07500000298023224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12725","display_name":"transportation and logistics systems","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-rail-transit","display_name":"urban rail transit","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transit-ridership","display_name":"transit ridership","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commute-mode-choice","display_name":"commuting mode choice","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-density","display_name":"urban density","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commuting-time","display_name":"commuting time","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/washington-d-c","display_name":"Washington, D.C.","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-transport-policy","display_name":"urban transport policy","score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport-subsidies","display_name":"public transport subsidies","score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-sprawl","display_name":"urban sprawl","score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suburbanization","display_name":"suburbanization","score":0.3449999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.9604579210281372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778022998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651136","display_name":"Transit (satellite)","level":3,"score":0.6671661138534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992701429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3491904","display_name":"Rail transit","level":2,"score":0.6455985903739929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.5978059768676758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.5930153131484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780434240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3491904","display_name":"Urban rail transit","level":2,"score":0.45820191502571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.45612895488739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.451579213142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.3290080428123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.3261783719062805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1925482451915741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/urb.2006.0001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2006.0001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2006.0001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217368","display_name":"Brookings-Wharton papers on urban affairs","issn_l":"1528-7084","issn":["1528-7084","1533-4449"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/192572","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/192572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":1.0,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25227208","https://openalex.org/W613580928","https://openalex.org/W632657714","https://openalex.org/W745133942","https://openalex.org/W1514154236","https://openalex.org/W1541296880","https://openalex.org/W1593759897","https://openalex.org/W1594877484","https://openalex.org/W1854260920","https://openalex.org/W1873283380","https://openalex.org/W1964676454","https://openalex.org/W1965975779","https://openalex.org/W1971448778","https://openalex.org/W1985298186","https://openalex.org/W1989928314","https://openalex.org/W1992966123","https://openalex.org/W1999386912","https://openalex.org/W2003083622","https://openalex.org/W2004877893","https://openalex.org/W2016448157","https://openalex.org/W2032044817","https://openalex.org/W2067281011","https://openalex.org/W2077988168","https://openalex.org/W2089414761","https://openalex.org/W2112348462","https://openalex.org/W3124352023"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100811775","https://openalex.org/W931479653","https://openalex.org/W7095364244","https://openalex.org/W1546100952","https://openalex.org/W4236818603","https://openalex.org/W2162112244","https://openalex.org/W2248287376","https://openalex.org/W2765442123","https://openalex.org/W804475952","https://openalex.org/W1570676310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federal,":[0],"state,":[1],"and":[2,26,35,96,130,158,186,202,222,262,415,421,518,571],"local":[3],"governments":[4],"have":[5,30,126,290],"spent":[6],"more":[7,29,105,253,259,312],"than":[8,106,313,618],"$25":[9],"billion":[10],"to":[11,33,74,121,162,255,305,310,330,367,426,465,499,514,543,547,554,560,572],"establish":[12],"or":[13,580],"expand":[14],"rail":[15,38,123,167,193,226,244,273,287,307,338,365,408,440,472,501,550,569,583,604,623],"transit":[16,39,50,68,86,103,124,194,198,251,288,366,377,441,473,486,497,551,584,605,614],"infrastructure":[17,44,274,502],"in":[18,62,72,76,80,97,112,171,210,219,230,240,258,352,376,387,456,484,590,626],"sixteen":[19,267],"major":[20],"U.S.":[21,592,628],"metropolitan":[22,59,83,160,173,206,231,349,523],"areas":[23,84,101,161,207,220,358,369],"between":[24,159,200],"1970":[25,73,201],"2000.":[27,77,113,203],"Billions":[28],"been":[31,53],"invested":[32],"maintain":[34],"improve":[36],"existing":[37],"lines.":[40,168],"Despite":[41],"the":[42,63,91,110,119,137,146,163,183,216,266,324,332,383,416,429,453,478,481,507,509,515,522,531,540,545,563,577,601],"significant":[43,301],"improvements":[45,125],"associated":[46],"with":[47],"these":[48,100,140],"investments,":[49],"ridership":[51,129,211,302,335,401,615],"has":[52,85],"declining":[54],"rapidly.":[55],"The":[56,475],"fraction":[57],"of":[58,90,99,109,136,139,148,152,165,182,190,215,336,344,347,357,359,382,400,406,418,431,438,470,477,495,506,521,535,566,582,603],"area":[60,174,232,350,524],"commuters":[61,177,423],"United":[64],"States":[65],"using":[66],"public":[67,485,496],"declined":[69],"from":[70,224],"0.12":[71],"0.06":[75],"Furthermore,":[78],"only":[79],"a":[81,191,284,314,404,436,445,468,504,526,608],"few":[82,315],"increased":[87,196],"its":[88],"share":[89],"commuting":[92,142,153,413,432,457,556],"market":[93,111],"since":[94],"1970,":[95,276],"none":[98],"did":[102,371],"garner":[104],"10":[107],"percent":[108],"In":[114,607],"this":[115,536],"paper,":[116,610],"we":[117,131,277,296,611],"evaluate":[118,331,544],"extent":[120,546],"which":[122,548],"spurred":[127],"new":[128,141,166,192,225,243,306,337,364,407,439,471,500,549,622],"provide":[132],"some":[133,574],"rough":[134],"estimates":[135,399,542],"value":[138],"options.":[143],"We":[144,443,538],"demonstrate":[145],"importance":[147],"considering":[149],"heterogeneous":[150,493],"responses":[151,494],"mode":[154,458],"choice":[155,459],"both":[156],"within":[157,187,212,348],"existence":[164],"For":[169],"example,":[170],"each":[172,360,388],"except":[175],"Chicago,":[176],"living":[178],"beyond":[179],"ten":[180,213],"kilometers":[181,189,214],"city":[184,217,361,389,516],"center":[185,218],"two":[188,342],"line":[195],"their":[197,272],"use":[199,487,498,539],"However,":[204],"most":[205],"saw":[208,616],"declines":[209,620],"near":[221,621],"far":[223],"lines":[227,245,308,339,570,624],"alike.":[228],"Variation":[229],"[End":[233],"Page":[234],"147]":[235],"structure":[236,520],"is":[237,252,319],"also":[238],"key":[239],"determining":[241],"whether":[242],"succeed":[246],"at":[247,323],"attracting":[248],"riders.":[249],"Rail":[250],"likely":[254,578],"be":[256],"successful":[257],"densely":[260],"populated":[261],"centralized":[263],"cities.":[264,593],"Of":[265],"cities":[268],"that":[269,279,300,362,370,449,461,613],"significantly":[270],"expanded":[271],"after":[275,317],"find":[278,297],"Washington":[280],"stands":[281],"out":[282],"as":[283,403,435,467,503,525],"place":[285],"where":[286],"investments":[289],"had":[291],"relatively":[292],"high":[293],"returns.":[294],"Finally,":[295],"little":[298],"evidence":[299],"gains":[303,402],"due":[304],"continue":[309],"accrue":[311],"years":[316],"construction":[318,585],"completed.":[320],"Panel":[321],"data":[322,411],"census":[325,385],"tract":[326,386],"level":[327],"allow":[328,424],"us":[329,425,559],"effects":[333],"on":[334,412,597],"by":[340],"making":[341],"types":[343],"comparisons.":[345],"Exploitation":[346],"variation":[351,375],"access":[353,378],"allows":[354,379],"for":[355,380],"comparison":[356,381,395],"received":[363],"equivalent":[368],"not.":[372],"Time":[373],"series":[374],"same":[384],"over":[390],"time.":[391],"This":[392],"difference-in-difference":[393],"type":[394],"ultimately":[396],"identifies":[397],"our":[398],"result":[405,437,469],"transit.":[409],"Census":[410],"times":[414],"number":[417,430],"rail,":[419],"bus,":[420],"car":[422],"roughly":[427,561],"calculate":[428],"hours":[433],"saved":[434],"construction.":[442],"develop":[444],"simple":[446],"theoretical":[447],"model":[448,479],"provides":[450],"intuition":[451],"about":[452,576],"spatial":[454],"patterns":[455],"adjustments":[460],"one":[462],"may":[463],"expect":[464],"see":[466],"infrastructure.":[474],"implications":[476],"motivate":[480],"specifications":[482],"used":[483],"regressions.":[488],"These":[489,528],"regressions":[490,529],"incorporate":[491],"potentially":[492],"function":[505],"year":[508],"system":[510],"was":[511],"built,":[512],"distance":[513],"center,":[517],"physical":[519],"whole.":[527],"form":[530],"core":[532],"empirical":[533],"contribution":[534],"paper.":[537],"regression":[541],"causes":[552],"people":[553],"change":[555],"modes,":[557],"allowing":[558],"quantify":[562],"welfare":[564],"benefits":[565],"recently":[567],"constructed":[568,625],"make":[573],"predictions":[575],"success":[579],"failure":[581],"projects":[586],"currently":[587],"under":[588],"way":[589],"several":[591],"Our":[594],"study":[595],"builds":[596],"earlier":[598],"research":[599],"investigating":[600],"consequences":[602],"investments.":[606],"previous":[609],"document":[612],"less":[617],"average":[619],"five":[627],"cities...":[629]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}