{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1964284160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100130315","title":"Chondrocyte deformation and local tissue strain in articular cartilage: A confocal microscopy study","display_name":"Chondrocyte deformation and local tissue strain in articular cartilage: A confocal microscopy study","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1964284160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100130315","mag":"1964284160","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7602402"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/jor.1100130315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100130315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100130315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12558119","display_name":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research\u00ae","issn_l":"0736-0266","issn":["0736-0266","1554-527X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090627153","display_name":"Farshid Guilak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7380-0330","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7380-0330"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126298","display_name":"Duke Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03njmea73","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298","https://openalex.org/I4210144876"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farshid Guilak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA","Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007305042","display_name":"Anthony Ratcliffe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2025-4265","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2025-4265"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Ratcliffe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109831293","display_name":"Van C. Mow","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Van C. Mow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090627153"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126298"],"apc_list":{"value":3970,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3970},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4344,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":471,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87821755,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"410","last_page":"421"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10379","display_name":"Cellular Mechanics and Interactions","score":0.6240000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10379","display_name":"Cellular Mechanics and Interactions","score":0.6240000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10105","display_name":"Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms","score":0.36550000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11366","display_name":"Elasticity and Material Modeling","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/articular-cartilage","display_name":"articular cartilage","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-transduction","display_name":"mechanical signal transduction","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chondrocyte-morphology","display_name":"chondrocyte morphology","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-volume","display_name":"cell volume","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-stiffness","display_name":"compressive stiffness","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-zone","display_name":"surface zone","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-zone","display_name":"deep zone","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartilage-explants","display_name":"cartilage explants","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint-loading","display_name":"joint loading","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canine-cartilage","display_name":"canine cartilage","score":0.5659999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781403057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775480","display_name":"Chondrocyte","level":3,"score":0.7667843103408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6567965149879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136009344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336201","display_name":"Confocal","level":2,"score":0.5892077088356018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780550940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502730","display_name":"Cartilage","level":2,"score":0.571384072303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779178360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902045","display_name":"Confocal microscopy","level":2,"score":0.5478808283805847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.5415778756141663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778022156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576145","display_name":"Strain (injury)","level":2,"score":0.5155432224273682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189165786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193825","display_name":"Extracellular matrix","level":2,"score":0.5058593153953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.49276283383369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4908917546272278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4575480818748474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4051995575428009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3941873013973236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.23622584342956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.22862392663955688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.2034229040145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1146814227104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09910422563552856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002358","descriptor_name":"Cartilage, Articular","qualifier_ui":"Q000166","qualifier_name":"cytology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002358","descriptor_name":"Cartilage, Articular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004285","descriptor_name":"Dogs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005109","descriptor_name":"Extracellular Matrix","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008488","descriptor_name":"Medical Illustration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011312","descriptor_name":"Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013314","descriptor_name":"Stress, Mechanical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/jor.1100130315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100130315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100130315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12558119","display_name":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research\u00ae","issn_l":"0736-0266","issn":["0736-0266","1554-527X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7602402","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7602402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W986752184","https://openalex.org/W1517558040","https://openalex.org/W1542080278","https://openalex.org/W1570473348","https://openalex.org/W1592141163","https://openalex.org/W1779718467","https://openalex.org/W1819042173","https://openalex.org/W1966686938","https://openalex.org/W1969359829","https://openalex.org/W1970842181","https://openalex.org/W1970893871","https://openalex.org/W1972325592","https://openalex.org/W1973343738","https://openalex.org/W1975906624","https://openalex.org/W1981562838","https://openalex.org/W1983307524","https://openalex.org/W1985770165","https://openalex.org/W1987512190","https://openalex.org/W1988517559","https://openalex.org/W1991987132","https://openalex.org/W1994579263","https://openalex.org/W1995120265","https://openalex.org/W2009350275","https://openalex.org/W2014566223","https://openalex.org/W2023568810","https://openalex.org/W2027358461","https://openalex.org/W2040778084","https://openalex.org/W2041261641","https://openalex.org/W2050273631","https://openalex.org/W2060306238","https://openalex.org/W2060498828","https://openalex.org/W2063753069","https://openalex.org/W2073392353","https://openalex.org/W2090183574","https://openalex.org/W2105235096","https://openalex.org/W2111469368","https://openalex.org/W2128957639","https://openalex.org/W2131545401","https://openalex.org/W2131854809","https://openalex.org/W2134063641","https://openalex.org/W2138453068","https://openalex.org/W2149708829","https://openalex.org/W2156481294","https://openalex.org/W2166752018","https://openalex.org/W2183070422","https://openalex.org/W2472216744","https://openalex.org/W2593269239","https://openalex.org/W2622620627","https://openalex.org/W4236253624"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007029906","https://openalex.org/W1985675302","https://openalex.org/W2170436737","https://openalex.org/W3087622304","https://openalex.org/W2165697326","https://openalex.org/W2070294327","https://openalex.org/W2155083772","https://openalex.org/W2058396041","https://openalex.org/W2019042780","https://openalex.org/W2131208950"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,41,59,181],"well":[2],"accepted":[3],"that":[4,139,173,185,270],"mechanical":[5,19,39,294],"forces":[6],"can":[7],"modulate":[8],"the":[9,15,51,62,65,75,89,99,117,146,157,163,174,178,187,220,232,243,247,268,293],"metabolic":[10],"activity":[11],"of":[12,18,53,69,74,85,125,133,151,168,177,186,195,203,212,229,259,272,298],"chondrocytes,":[13],"although":[14],"specific":[16],"mechanisms":[17],"signal":[20,57,295],"transduction":[21,58,296],"in":[22,37,56,64,109,116,123,145,156,200,209,219,231,242,262,277,283,292],"articular":[23,127,299],"cartilage":[24,128],"are":[25],"still":[26],"unknown.":[27],"One":[28],"proposed":[29],"pathway":[30,297],"through":[31,43],"which":[32],"chondrocytes":[33,70,87,230,273],"may":[34,280,288],"perceive":[35],"changes":[36,63,108],"their":[38,278],"environment":[40],"directly":[42],"cellular":[44,201,260],"deformation.":[45,135],"An":[46],"important":[47],"step":[48],"toward":[49],"understanding":[50],"role":[52,291],"chondrocyte":[54,110],"deformation":[55,115,228,271],"to":[60,106,130,246],"determine":[61],"shape":[66],"and":[67,112,120,159,189,206,208,215,223,287],"volume":[68,211,279],"during":[71,282],"applied":[72],"compression":[73,252],"tissue.":[76],"Recently,":[77],"a":[78,148,275,290],"technique":[79],"was":[80,104,235,253,256],"developed":[81],"for":[82],"quantitative":[83],"morphometry":[84],"viable":[86],"within":[88],"extracellular":[90],"matrix":[91,134],"using":[92],"three-dimensional":[93],"confocal":[94],"scanning":[95],"laser":[96],"microscopy.":[97],"In":[98,162],"present":[100],"study,":[101],"this":[102,193],"method":[103],"used":[105],"quantify":[107],"morphology":[111,261],"local":[113,152,166,248],"tissue":[114,153,196],"surface,":[118,221],"middle,":[119,222],"deep":[121,160,190,224],"zones":[122],"explants":[124],"canine":[126],"subjected":[129],"physiological":[131],"levels":[132],"The":[136,227],"results":[137],"indicated":[138],"at":[140],"15%":[141],"surface-to-surface":[142],"equilibrium":[143],"strain":[144,154],"tissue,":[147],"similar":[149],"magnitude":[150],"occurs":[155],"middle":[158,188],"zones.":[161,191],"surface":[164,179,233],"zone,":[165],"strains":[167],"19%":[169],"were":[170,217],"observed,":[171],"indicating":[172],"compressive":[175],"stiffness":[176],"zone":[180,234],"significantly":[182],"less":[183],"than":[184],"With":[192],"degree":[194],"deformation,":[197],"significant":[198,238],"decreases":[199],"height":[202],"26,":[204],"19,":[205],"20%":[207],"cell":[210],"22,":[213],"16,":[214],"17%":[216],"observed":[218],"zones,":[225],"respectively.":[226],"anisotropic,":[236],"with":[237],"lateral":[239],"expansion":[240],"occurring":[241],"direction":[244],"perpendicular":[245],"split-line":[249],"pattern.":[250],"When":[251],"removed,":[254],"there":[255],"complete":[257],"recovery":[258],"all":[263],"cases.":[264],"These":[265],"observations":[266],"support":[267],"hypothesis":[269],"or":[274],"change":[276],"occur":[281],"vivo":[284],"joint":[285],"loading":[286],"have":[289],"cartilage.":[300]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}