{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1964246915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403403253740","title":"Driving While Different: A Potential Theoretical Explanation for Race-Based Policing","display_name":"Driving While Different: A Potential Theoretical Explanation for Race-Based Policing","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1964246915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403403253740","mag":"1964246915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0887403403253740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403403253740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403403253740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109761077","display_name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","issn_l":"0887-4034","issn":["0887-4034","1552-3586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027533014","display_name":"Brian L. Withrow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9308-4517","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9308-4517"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39587148","display_name":"Wichita State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00c4e7y75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39587148"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brian L. Withrow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wichita State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wichita State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39587148"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027533014"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39587148"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.2041,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98579834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"344","last_page":"364"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-profiling","display_name":"racial profiling","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-stops","display_name":"police stops","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-rates","display_name":"crime rates","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-structure","display_name":"demographic structure","score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-citizens","display_name":"Black citizens","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-community-relations","display_name":"police-community relations","score":0.5429999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777189325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61022630","display_name":"Officer","level":2,"score":0.8886104822158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6945843696594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5556617379188538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992814624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817393","display_name":"Black male","level":2,"score":0.4985830783843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4652498662471771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189809214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829522","display_name":"Beat (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.4308859705924988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4305621087551117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.4157770276069641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4083046317100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37476545572280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3430614471435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2507091760635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2194010317325592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19490838050842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.17377197742462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.09815093874931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08756917715072632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06713283061981201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.056134581565856934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0887403403253740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403403253740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403403253740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109761077","display_name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","issn_l":"0887-4034","issn":["0887-4034","1552-3586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8046000003814697},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7307999730110168}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W153388477","https://openalex.org/W160585578","https://openalex.org/W616558275","https://openalex.org/W1964564531","https://openalex.org/W1985099175","https://openalex.org/W2059639299","https://openalex.org/W2062472230","https://openalex.org/W2068682271","https://openalex.org/W2100191101","https://openalex.org/W2127797776","https://openalex.org/W2134088541","https://openalex.org/W2153281446","https://openalex.org/W2325497155","https://openalex.org/W2525516939","https://openalex.org/W2795844506","https://openalex.org/W2795875025","https://openalex.org/W2985245507","https://openalex.org/W3151729477","https://openalex.org/W4213449113","https://openalex.org/W4239242082"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072971383","https://openalex.org/W7108981810","https://openalex.org/W2158238234","https://openalex.org/W2166766120","https://openalex.org/W7143454616","https://openalex.org/W2092849563","https://openalex.org/W2014765155","https://openalex.org/W3016968282","https://openalex.org/W2106133007","https://openalex.org/W2021854016"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"the":[1,7,32,47,51,64,70,75,83,89,92,96,101],"first":[2],"6":[3],"months":[4],"of":[5,24,34,46,66,74,88,95,103],"2001,":[6],"Wichita":[8],"(Kansas)":[9],"Police":[10],"Department":[11],"collected":[12],"information":[13],"on":[14],"37,454":[15],"stops":[16,114,131],"conducted":[17,49],"by":[18,82,111,128],"its":[19],"employees.":[20],"The":[21],"initial":[22],"analysis":[23,45],"these":[25],"data":[26],"indicates":[27,55],"a":[28],"substantial":[29],"disparity":[30],"between":[31,63],"proportions":[33],"Black":[35,39,116,129],"residents":[36],"(11.4%)":[37],"and":[38,69,86,122],"citizens":[40,117,134],"stopped":[41,68],"(20.7%).":[42],"A":[43,139],"subsequent":[44],"data,":[48],"at":[50],"patrol":[52],"beat":[53,97],"level,":[54],"that":[56],"(a)":[57],"moderate":[58],"to":[59],"high":[60],"correlations":[61],"exist":[62],"race":[65,94],"individuals":[67],"predominant":[71],"racial":[72],"representation":[73],"beat;":[76],"(b)":[77],"officer":[78,104],"deployment":[79],"is":[80,146],"influenced":[81],"crime":[84],"rate":[85],"population":[87],"beats;":[90],"(c)":[91],"predominate":[93],"does":[98],"not":[99],"affect":[100],"level":[102],"deployment;":[105],"(d)":[106],"in":[107,124],"beats":[108,125],"predominately":[109,126],"populated":[110,127],"non-Black":[112,133],"residents,":[113,130],"involving":[115,132],"are":[118,135],"over":[119,136],"represented":[120,137],"(proportionally);":[121],"(e)":[123],"(proportionally).":[138],"potential":[140],"theoretical":[141],"explanation":[142],"for":[143],"race-based":[144],"policing":[145],"offered.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}