{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1964101847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731011039361","title":"A three\u2010factor measure of discernment","display_name":"A three\u2010factor measure of discernment","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1964101847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731011039361","mag":"1964101847"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/01437731011039361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731011039361","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731011039361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189271","display_name":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal","issn_l":"0143-7739","issn":["0143-7739","1472-5347"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028581599","display_name":"Hazel C.V. Tra\u00fcffer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153338809","display_name":"Regent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jhyq802","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153338809"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hazel C.V. Tra\u00fcffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Global Leadership & Entrepreneurship, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Global Leadership & Entrepreneurship, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153338809"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073095380","display_name":"Corn\u00e9 J. Bekker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153338809","display_name":"Regent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jhyq802","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153338809"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corn\u00e9 Bekker","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Global Leadership & Entrepreneurship, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Global Leadership & Entrepreneurship, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153338809"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053783805","display_name":"Mihai C. Boc\u00e2rnea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1889-1177","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1889-1177"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153338809","display_name":"Regent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jhyq802","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153338809"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihai Boc\u00e2rnea","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Global Leadership & Entrepreneurship, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Global Leadership & Entrepreneurship, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153338809"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088287308","display_name":"Bruce E. Winston","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2768-9974","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2768-9974"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153338809","display_name":"Regent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jhyq802","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153338809"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce E. Winston","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Global Leadership & Entrepreneurship, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Global Leadership & Entrepreneurship, Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153338809"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153338809"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9171,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84860226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"3","first_page":"263","last_page":"284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12393","display_name":"Workplace Spirituality and Leadership","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12393","display_name":"Workplace Spirituality and Leadership","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10509","display_name":"Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12751","display_name":"Leadership and Management in Organizations","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discernment","display_name":"discernment","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leadership","display_name":"leadership","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-instruments","display_name":"measurement instruments","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/courage","display_name":"courage","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intuition","display_name":"intuition","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/faith","display_name":"faith","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-spirituality","display_name":"organizational spirituality","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leadership-decision-making","display_name":"leadership decision-making","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-assessment","display_name":"self-assessment","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leadership-development","display_name":"leadership development","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct-operationalization","display_name":"construct operationalization","score":0.6740000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780211513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132167","display_name":"Discernment","level":2,"score":0.9058330059051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90734943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008777","display_name":"Conceptualization","level":2,"score":0.8085587024688721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.6750043630599976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5216153860092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4390982687473297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106906290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140909","display_name":"Cronbach's alpha","level":3,"score":0.433349072933197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3753209412097931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2612258195877075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11695128679275513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.0880492627620697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/01437731011039361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731011039361","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731011039361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189271","display_name":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal","issn_l":"0143-7739","issn":["0143-7739","1472-5347"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W406853116","https://openalex.org/W563675185","https://openalex.org/W592397977","https://openalex.org/W610318749","https://openalex.org/W1516988630","https://openalex.org/W1530538252","https://openalex.org/W1562208008","https://openalex.org/W1572092804","https://openalex.org/W1714723801","https://openalex.org/W1859502711","https://openalex.org/W1964190798","https://openalex.org/W1989528006","https://openalex.org/W2015478155","https://openalex.org/W2028636508","https://openalex.org/W2028673123","https://openalex.org/W2043867338","https://openalex.org/W2057051992","https://openalex.org/W2101157755","https://openalex.org/W2119348927","https://openalex.org/W2122955616","https://openalex.org/W2140205964","https://openalex.org/W2272243984","https://openalex.org/W2331998546","https://openalex.org/W2797155871","https://openalex.org/W2797858155","https://openalex.org/W2896548965","https://openalex.org/W2923614289","https://openalex.org/W3015634246","https://openalex.org/W3046509492","https://openalex.org/W3200059614","https://openalex.org/W3214923421","https://openalex.org/W4246971719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502219300","https://openalex.org/W1964190798","https://openalex.org/W2072983554","https://openalex.org/W2279588077","https://openalex.org/W7168415043","https://openalex.org/W3169199857","https://openalex.org/W3197303564","https://openalex.org/W1900316292","https://openalex.org/W2275762102","https://openalex.org/W4237537386"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"The":[1,22,64,94,188,229,244],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,11,27,50,62,111,125,133,151,160,195,257],"this":[4],"paper":[5],"is":[6,96,140,180,246],"to":[7,14,18,121,142,174,182,191,221,236],"operationalize":[8,122],"the":[9,25,43,54,81,123,130,134,145,149,152,161,192,250],"concept":[10,124],"discernment":[12,203],"and":[13,38,79,105,114,209,212,248],"present":[15],"an":[16,90,164,169,214],"instrument":[17,100,215,230],"measure":[19],"it.":[20],"Design/methodology/approach":[21],"approach":[23],"takes":[24],"form":[26],"a":[28,48,60,97,157,232,254],"mixed\u2010method":[29],"exploratory":[30],"design":[31],"that":[32,101,202],"relied":[33],"on":[34,42,168],"principal":[35],"component":[36],"analyses":[37],"internal":[39],"consistency":[40],"performed":[41],"resultant":[44],"data":[45,84],"set":[46],"from":[47,53,59,85],"pool":[49],"items":[51],"developed":[52],"literature,":[55],"as":[56,58,220],"well":[57,223],"panel":[61],"experts.":[63],"investigation":[65],"employed":[66],"in\u2010depth":[67],"interviews":[68],"conducted":[69],"with":[70,83,107],"eight":[71],"purposively":[72],"selected":[73],"leaders":[74,219],"about":[75],"their":[76],"decision\u2010making":[77],"processes":[78],"augmented":[80],"findings":[82],"240":[86],"leaders,":[87],"generated":[88],"via":[89],"online":[91],"survey.":[92],"Findings":[93],"result":[95],"three\u2010factor":[98],"self\u2010rating":[99],"measures":[102],"courage,":[103],"intuition,":[104],"faith,":[106],"Cronbach":[108],"alpha":[109],"values":[110],"0.85,":[112,115],"0.89,":[113],"respectively.":[116],"These":[117],"three":[118],"factors":[119],"appear":[120],"discernment.":[126,228,242],"Research":[127],"limitations/implications":[128],"While":[129],"conceptual":[131],"definition":[132,166],"construct":[135],"has":[136,204],"merit,":[137],"its":[138],"completeness":[139],"subject":[141],"debate.":[143],"If":[144],"conceptualization":[146,171],"were":[147],"incomplete,":[148],"results":[150],"study":[153,189,245],"would":[154],"provide":[155],"only":[156],"marginal":[158],"understanding":[159],"phenomenon.":[162],"Moreover,":[163],"operational":[165],"based":[167],"incomplete":[170],"will":[172],"fail":[173],"generate":[175],"theory\u2010oriented":[176],"propositions.":[177],"Additional":[178],"research":[179],"needed":[181],"establish":[183],"population":[184],"norms.":[185],"Practical":[186],"implications":[187],"contributes":[190],"ongoing":[193],"task":[194],"appropriating":[196],"spirituality":[197],"in":[198,206,227],"organizational":[199,210],"life,":[200],"demonstrates":[201],"value":[205],"contemporary":[207],"leadership":[208,233],"praxis,":[211],"provides":[213],"for":[216,253],"self\u2010evaluation":[217],"by":[218],"how":[222],"each":[224],"leader":[225],"engages":[226],"offers":[231],"development":[234],"tool":[235],"help":[237],"identify":[238],"high":[239],"or":[240],"low":[241],"Originality/value":[243],"original":[247],"makes":[249],"foundational":[251],"contribution":[252],"beginning":[255],"stream":[256],"research.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}