{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1964014400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3549490","title":"Research and Development by Multinational and Domestic Firms in Canada","display_name":"Research and Development by Multinational and Domestic Firms in Canada","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1964014400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3549490","mag":"1964014400"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3549490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3549490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3549490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49494758","display_name":"Canadian Public Policy","issn_l":"0317-0861","issn":["0317-0861","1911-9917"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320517","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320517","https://openalex.org/P4310313000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Toronto Press","University of Toronto"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084730139","display_name":"Alan M. Rugman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alan M. Rugman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084730139"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34183047,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"604","last_page":"604"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multinational-corporations","display_name":"multinational corporations","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-investment","display_name":"R&D investment","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internalization-theory","display_name":"internalization theory","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/branch-plants","display_name":"branch plants","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parent-company","display_name":"parent company","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-specific-advantages","display_name":"firm-specific advantages","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-spillovers","display_name":"knowledge spillovers","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-strategy","display_name":"global strategy","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domestic-firms","display_name":"domestic firms","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canada","display_name":"Canada","score":0.38199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158016649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161726","display_name":"Multinational corporation","level":2,"score":0.8596473932266235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6197259426116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.3545301854610443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.09615492820739746}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3549490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3549490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3549490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49494758","display_name":"Canadian Public Policy","issn_l":"0317-0861","issn":["0317-0861","1911-9917"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320517","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320517","https://openalex.org/P4310313000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Toronto Press","University of Toronto"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cpp:issued:v:7:y:1981:i:4:p:604-616","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0317-0861%28198123%297%3A4%3C604%3ARADBMA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140456784","https://openalex.org/W638916608","https://openalex.org/W1596595931","https://openalex.org/W1965178311","https://openalex.org/W1968132758","https://openalex.org/W1973308529","https://openalex.org/W1978689382","https://openalex.org/W1983170194","https://openalex.org/W1994526065","https://openalex.org/W2003395188","https://openalex.org/W2010854222","https://openalex.org/W2014249828","https://openalex.org/W2015930340","https://openalex.org/W2028056041","https://openalex.org/W2047563775","https://openalex.org/W2067614166","https://openalex.org/W2082847737","https://openalex.org/W2083361942","https://openalex.org/W2089295019","https://openalex.org/W3124201178"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2129498702","https://openalex.org/W3123366444","https://openalex.org/W2482078565","https://openalex.org/W2349706399","https://openalex.org/W2000233597","https://openalex.org/W2515954729","https://openalex.org/W4407283376","https://openalex.org/W2057194123","https://openalex.org/W202734804","https://openalex.org/W3124031150"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"both":[3],"theoretical":[4],"and":[5,57,79,87,100],"empirical":[6,97],"support":[7,104],"for":[8],"the":[9,19,30,42,50,63,75,89],"proposition":[10],"that":[11,49],"less":[12],"R":[13,59],"&":[14,60],"D":[15,61],"is":[16],"done":[17],"in":[18,25,28,34,62],"branch":[20],"plants":[21],"of":[22,38,46,77,91,107],"multinational":[23,51],"enterprises":[24],"Canada":[26],"than":[27],"either":[29],"parent":[31,64],"multinationals,":[32],"or":[33],"independent":[35],"Canadian":[36],"firms":[37],"similar":[39],"size":[40],"to":[41,69,85],"subsidiaries.":[43],"The":[44,96],"theory":[45],"internalization":[47],"predicts":[48],"enterprise":[52],"will":[53],"concentrate":[54],"its":[55,71,92,108],"initial":[56],"ongoing":[58],"firm.":[65],"It":[66],"does":[67],"this":[68,105],"protect":[70],"knowledge":[72],"advantage":[73],"from":[74],"risk":[76],"dissipation":[78],"it":[80],"uses":[81],"an":[82],"internal":[83],"market":[84],"control":[86],"monitor":[88],"use":[90],"firm":[93],"specific":[94],"advantage.":[95],"work":[98],"surveyed,":[99],"new":[101],"studies":[102],"reported,":[103],"interpretation":[106],"global":[109],"strategy.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
