{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1963948588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1442","title":"Gut-Brain Communications: Not the Same at All Ages","display_name":"Gut-Brain Communications: Not the Same at All Ages","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1963948588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1442","mag":"1963948588","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20172973","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3213759"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1210/en.2009-1442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1442","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-pdf/151/3/852/9006322/endo0852.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157527038","display_name":"Endocrinology","issn_l":"0013-7227","issn":["0013-7227","1945-7170"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Endocrinology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-pdf/151/3/852/9006322/endo0852.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054959155","display_name":"William A. Banks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3619","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3619"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104016","display_name":"St. Louis VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/014c68a74","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210104016","https://openalex.org/I4210150881","https://openalex.org/I4210165236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47838141","display_name":"Saint Louis University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p7jjy08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William A. Banks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis and Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63106","Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis and Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63106, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis and Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63106","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104016","https://openalex.org/I47838141"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis and Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63106, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104016","https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054959155"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104016","https://openalex.org/I47838141"],"apc_list":{"value":3750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3750},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1445,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47330573,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"151","issue":"3","first_page":"852","last_page":"854"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10489","display_name":"Regulation of Appetite and Obesity","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2807","display_name":"Endocrine and Autonomic Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10489","display_name":"Regulation of Appetite and Obesity","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2807","display_name":"Endocrine and Autonomic Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10365","display_name":"Gastrointestinal motility and disorders","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2715","display_name":"Gastroenterology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10263","display_name":"Eating Disorders and Behaviors","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-brain-axis","display_name":"gut-brain axis","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/appetite-regulation","display_name":"appetite regulation","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aging","display_name":"aging","score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anorexia-of-aging","display_name":"anorexia of aging","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obesity","display_name":"obesity","score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypertension","display_name":"hypertension","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-expenditure","display_name":"energy expenditure","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feeding-behavior","display_name":"feeding behavior","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-microbiota","display_name":"gut microbiota","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastrointestinal-hormones","display_name":"gastrointestinal hormones","score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-choice","display_name":"food choice","score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-homeostasis","display_name":"energy homeostasis","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-dysbiosis","display_name":"gut dysbiosis","score":0.3869999945163727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.6000844240188599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5985207557678223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3849988579750061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3586862087249756}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001812","descriptor_name":"Blood-Brain Barrier","qualifier_ui":"Q000254","qualifier_name":"growth & development","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001812","descriptor_name":"Blood-Brain Barrier","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001835","descriptor_name":"Body Weight","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002450","descriptor_name":"Cell Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007031","descriptor_name":"Hypothalamus","qualifier_ui":"Q000254","qualifier_name":"growth & development","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007031","descriptor_name":"Hypothalamus","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054832","descriptor_name":"Urocortins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1210/en.2009-1442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1442","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-pdf/151/3/852/9006322/endo0852.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157527038","display_name":"Endocrinology","issn_l":"0013-7227","issn":["0013-7227","1945-7170"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Endocrinology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2217769","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3213759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3213759","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3213759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Endocrinology","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:20172973","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20172973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Endocrinology","raw_type":"Comment"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1210/en.2009-1442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1442","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-pdf/151/3/852/9006322/endo0852.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157527038","display_name":"Endocrinology","issn_l":"0013-7227","issn":["0013-7227","1945-7170"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Endocrinology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3218122094","display_name":"Oxidative Dysfunction of LRP at the Blood-brain Barrier in Alzheimer's Disease","funder_award_id":"R01AG029839","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306127","display_name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05rsv9s98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1963948588.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1963948588.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W330114029","https://openalex.org/W1497169841","https://openalex.org/W1550375751","https://openalex.org/W1561443084","https://openalex.org/W1913938270","https://openalex.org/W1963883035","https://openalex.org/W1975334244","https://openalex.org/W1980132403","https://openalex.org/W2000009097","https://openalex.org/W2000150943","https://openalex.org/W2007161557","https://openalex.org/W2012968633","https://openalex.org/W2032155633","https://openalex.org/W2042237472","https://openalex.org/W2063564461","https://openalex.org/W2064740200","https://openalex.org/W2071015680","https://openalex.org/W2075707780","https://openalex.org/W2078605292","https://openalex.org/W2086139024","https://openalex.org/W2098009730","https://openalex.org/W2106213125","https://openalex.org/W2111732109","https://openalex.org/W2124852816","https://openalex.org/W2137667246","https://openalex.org/W2154294326","https://openalex.org/W2163599269","https://openalex.org/W2170607175","https://openalex.org/W2245301914","https://openalex.org/W2286058774","https://openalex.org/W6611444401","https://openalex.org/W6691430399"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995458679","https://openalex.org/W2899547288","https://openalex.org/W2104274732","https://openalex.org/W7096867472","https://openalex.org/W3008422181","https://openalex.org/W2602990193","https://openalex.org/W2597087688","https://openalex.org/W2156275393","https://openalex.org/W1964628664","https://openalex.org/W2024876337"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,81,308,559,603,646,718,961,1010,1107,1157,1218,1301],"body":[1,64,85,228,409,934],"weight":[2,38,72,86,229],"thing":[3],"is":[4,21,106,184,230,237,271,304,312,357,390,406,480,507,534,539,564,639,648,679,757,789,840,901,964,1118,1134,1215,1230,1238,1245,1258,1273,1317,1328,1343,1362,1398,1402],"obviously":[5],"hard":[6],"to":[7,47,166,188,298,302,369,377,394,417,421,474,545,574,608,631,669,701,869,1080,1121,1168,1172,1191,1213,1275,1280,1286,1297,1365,1415],"get":[8],"right.":[9],"Whereas":[10,40],"many":[11,51,279,874,1381],"Westerners":[12],"battle":[13],"obesity":[14,1105],"in":[15,30,63,83,108,147,151,170,174,197,223,287,322,351,366,437,467,597,726,792,798,819,828,834,851,853,903,920,923,928,954,956,970,1013,1082,1098,1113,1170,1175,1200,1331,1405],"the":[16,32,136,152,216,247,259,295,323,342,352,358,367,408,425,431,455,484,495,500,508,515,519,522,528,531,548,567,587,612,616,620,623,626,633,641,644,670,694,699,727,755,764,767,783,790,793,799,806,811,820,835,841,864,867,876,892,907,910,917,924,940,947,951,957,968,972,979,984,994,1001,1004,1014,1017,1023,1029,1036,1050,1054,1063,1099,1114,1122,1128,1131,1135,1142,1160,1173,1176,1188,1192,1195,1201,1204,1207,1234,1239,1242,1251,1255,1259,1263,1288,1312,1318,1332,1347,1350,1360,1363,1366,1369,1374,1386,1396,1408,1411,1416,1420],"younger":[17],"years,":[18],"later":[19],"life":[20],"often":[22,435,822],"vexed":[23],"with":[24,440,541,650,689,845,1152,1407],"anorexia":[25,41],"of":[26,37,77,114,124,200,215,218,240,261,333,360,384,429,454,464,561,570,611,619,625,643,659,672,696,730,736,766,843,866,875,894,906,939,944,967,1019,1022,1033,1049,1101,1124,1141,1178,1194,1206,1220,1241,1254,1293,1325,1371,1388,1410,1419],"aging,":[27],"a":[28,44,171,185,210,233,238,330,462,904,942,965,1179,1182,1216,1338],"condition":[29],"which":[31,175,414,420,702,848,921,971,1237],"elderly":[33],"lose":[34],"massive":[35],"amounts":[36],"(1).":[39],"has":[42,220,749,1266],"remained":[43],"difficult":[45],"problem":[46,99,1228],"treat,":[48],"there":[49,183,276],"are":[50,181,268,277,375,491,605,628,662,684,714,981,1078,1148,1165],"thyroid":[52],"hormone-,":[53],"serotonin-,":[54],"and":[55,79,132,143,162,179,203,253,264,283,317,389,419,469,488,513,517,530,546,556,586,675,692,710,814,873,882,933,950,977,997,1007,1026,1044,1077,1104,1145,1162,1376,1384,1413],"adrenergic-based":[56],"drugs":[57,68],"that":[58,118,138,145,164,195,236,289,294,471,483,511,656,681,751,786,1116,1229,1250,1311,1359,1395],"can":[59,100,434,472,773,831,849,989,1074,1095],"induce":[60],"tremendous":[61],"losses":[62],"weight.":[65,935],"Unfortunately,":[66],"those":[67,266,667],"when":[69,404,826,1340],"used":[70],"for":[71,354,396,525,1248,1291,1321],"loss":[73],"have":[74],"unacceptable":[75],"rates":[76],"morbidity":[78],"mortality.":[80],"difficulties":[82],"controlling":[84,1368,1385],"likely":[87,157,376],"begin":[88],"deep":[89],"within":[90],"ancestral":[91],"genes.":[92],"To":[93],"paraphrase":[94],"Ernst":[95],"Mayer,":[96],"no":[97,1267],"biological":[98],"be":[101,347,378,575,774,916,1075,1169,1287],"fully":[102],"understood":[103],"until":[104],"it":[105,391,400,506,1117],"placed":[107],"its":[109],"evolutionary":[110,309],"context":[111],"(2).":[112],"Studies":[113],"paleolithic":[115],"diets":[116],"show":[117],"our":[119,213,733],"ancestors":[120],"were":[121],"chronically":[122],"short":[123,1252],"three":[125],"important":[126],"food":[127,255,373,397,405,516],"items:":[128],"salt,":[129],"simple":[130,234],"carbohydrates,":[131],"fats.":[133],"Reproductive":[134],"success,":[135],"engine":[137],"drives":[139,251],"evolution,":[140],"favored":[141],"strategies":[142,161],"behaviors":[144,163],"resulted":[146,927],"increasing":[148],"these":[149,682,703,737,1059,1087],"components":[150],"diet.":[153],"Likewise,":[154,403],"reproductive":[155],"success":[156],"benefited":[158],"little":[159],"from":[160,273,306,401,446,449,547,566,577,716,898,991,1046,1127,1210,1278,1295],"sought":[165],"limit":[167],"intake.":[168],"Hence,":[169,521],"modern":[172],"world":[173],"sodium":[176],"chloride,":[177],"sugars,":[178],"fats":[180],"abundant,":[182],"natural":[186],"tendency":[187],"overconsume":[189],"them,":[190],"producing":[191],"an":[192,438,591,857],"affluent":[193],"malnutrition":[194],"results":[196],"epidemic":[198],"levels":[199],"hypertension,":[201],"obesity,":[202],"type":[204],"2":[205],"diabetes":[206],"mellitus":[207],"(3).":[208],"On":[209],"positive":[211],"note,":[212],"understanding":[214,735],"drivers":[217],"appetite":[219,252],"increased":[221],"tremendously":[222],"recent":[224],"years":[225],"(4).":[226],"Ultimately":[227],"determined":[231],"by":[232,494,499,552,711,720,746,776,1233,1303,1352,1379],"arithmetic":[235],"balance":[239],"calories":[241,244,267,346],"consumed":[242],"minus":[243],"expended.":[245],"However,":[246,637,698,1262,1323],"calculus":[248],"behind":[249],"what":[250,257,265,356,372,708,712],"influences":[254],"choice,":[256],"dictates":[258],"level":[260],"caloric":[262,427,442,476,489],"expenditure,":[263],"spent":[269],"on":[270,931],"far":[272,305,664,715],"simple.":[274,307],"Indeed,":[275,760],"so":[278,663,978,1027],"small":[280],"molecules,":[281],"peptides,":[282,847,879],"regulatory":[284,676,1039,1091],"proteins":[285,1126],"involved":[286,902],"feeding":[288,337,487,932,1235],"this":[290,562,638,747],"alone":[291],"would":[292,914],"signal":[293],"ultimate":[296],"decision":[297],"feed":[299,303],"or":[300,327,363,387,398,778,1089],"not":[301,445,492,595,606,640,685,770,915,975,1344,1399],"perspective":[310],"again":[311],"helpful.":[313],"Unlike":[314,1071],"Western":[315],"man":[316],"his":[318],"pets,":[319],"animals":[320],"living":[321],"wild":[324],"must":[325,410,1061],"rationally":[326],"intuitively":[328],"make":[329,411],"large":[331,568],"number":[332,569],"cost/benefit":[334],"decisions":[335,412,485],"regarding":[336],"(5,":[338],"6).":[339],"Examples":[340],"include":[341],"following:":[343],"will":[344],"more":[345,392],"expended":[348],"than":[349],"gained":[350],"hunt":[353],"food;":[355],"probability":[359],"becoming":[361],"prey":[362],"suffering":[364],"injury":[365],"attempt":[368],"acquire":[370,512],"calories;":[371],"sources":[374],"most":[379],"productive":[380],"given":[381],"current":[382,728],"conditions":[383],"weather,":[385],"temperature,":[386],"season;":[388],"profitable":[393],"search":[395],"steal":[399],"others?":[402],"scarce,":[407],"about":[413,486,805],"energy-demanding":[415],"activities":[416],"attenuate":[418],"support.":[422],"For":[423],"example,":[424,1249],"high":[426],"demands":[428,691,1418],"activating":[430],"immune":[432,457],"system":[433,458,503],"result":[436,850],"animal":[439],"low":[441],"reserves":[443],"dying":[444],"infection":[447],"but":[448,498,687,772,796,1401],"starvation":[450],"(7).":[451],"Interestingly,":[452],"activation":[453],"innate":[456],"induces":[459],"sickness":[460],"behavior,":[461],"complex":[463],"adaptive":[465],"changes":[466,704,1081],"behavior":[468],"physiology":[470,1083],"help":[473],"conserve":[475],"resources":[477],"(8).":[478],"It":[479,678,1244],"increasingly":[481],"clear":[482,680],"expenditure":[490],"made":[493],"tissues":[496,510,533,585,900,1378],"themselves":[497],"central":[501,1425],"nervous":[502,1426],"(CNS).":[504],"Yet":[505],"peripheral":[509,532,584,601,815,829,899,1377],"digest":[514],"store":[518],"calories.":[520],"obvious":[523],"need":[524],"communication":[526,538,563,582,599],"between":[527,583,810,946,1159,1373],"CNS":[529,627,813,821,908,1202,1375,1412],"fundamental":[535,734,1227],"(9).":[536],"This":[537,801,889,913,1031,1390],"bidirectional":[540],"signals":[542,830],"traveling":[543],"both":[544,554],"CNS.":[549,1184,1197],"Communication":[550],"occurs":[551],"routes":[553],"neural":[555],"humoral":[557],"(10).":[558],"complexity":[560,593],"exemplified":[565],"hormones":[571,604],"being":[572,1211],"discovered":[573],"secreted":[576],"adipose":[578],"tissue":[579],"(11).":[580],"Hormonal":[581],"CNS,":[588],"however,":[589,1111],"faces":[590],"extra":[592],"usually":[594],"seen":[596],"hormonal":[598],"among":[600],"tissues.":[602,816],"able":[607,1274],"leak":[609,990],"out":[610,1021,1048],"capillary":[613],"bed":[614],"into":[615,739,993,1000,1053,1130],"interstitial":[617],"fluid":[618,1299],"brain":[621,969,1132,1281,1334],"because":[622],"microvessels":[624],"specially":[629],"modified":[630],"form":[632,976,1253],"blood-brain":[634],"barrier":[635,943,1012],"(BBB).":[636],"end":[642],"story.":[645],"BBB":[647,660,756,765,795,865,926,973,1064,1109,1137,1144,1147,1164,1189,1260,1319,1361,1397],"endowed":[649],"numerous":[651],"transporters":[652,661,683,1073,1088],"(modern":[653],"estimates":[654],"suggest":[655],"only":[657],"10%":[658],"discovered),":[665],"including":[666,880],"dedicated":[668],"transport":[671,753,762,788,1069,1103,1276,1292,1342],"feeding-related":[673],"peptides":[674],"proteins.":[677],"static":[686,1400],"change":[688,1199],"physiologic":[690],"under":[693,707],"pressures":[695],"disease.":[697],"degree":[700],"might":[705],"occur,":[706],"circumstances,":[709],"mechanisms":[713,1092],"clear.":[717],"paper":[719],"Hsuchou":[721,1221,1304,1353],"et":[722,1222,1305,1354],"al.":[723,1223,1306,1355],"(12)":[724,1224,1307,1356],"published":[725],"issue":[729],"Endocrinology":[731],"pushes":[732],"issues":[738],"some":[740],"interesting":[741],"new":[742],"directions.":[743],"Previous":[744],"work":[745,1219,1302,1351,1391],"group":[748],"shown":[750],"urocortin":[752,761,787,896,1208,1341],"across":[754,763,1346],"highly":[758],"inducible.":[759],"adult":[768,858,1015,1136,1146,1163,1333],"does":[769,974],"occur":[771],"induced":[775],"leptin":[777,1043,1102,1256,1269,1277,1294],"TNF-\u03b1":[779],"(13,":[780],"14).":[781],"Here":[782],"investigators":[784],"found":[785],"norm":[791],"neonatal":[794,911,925,985,1108,1143,1161],"disappears":[797],"adult.":[800,836],"raises":[802,891],"intriguing":[803],"questions":[804],"early":[807],"cross":[808,1062],"talk":[809],"developing":[812,1180,1421],"Regulatory":[817],"systems":[818],"undergo":[823],"critical":[824],"periods":[825],"alterations":[827,852],"alter":[832],"responses":[833],"A":[837,936],"classic":[838,877],"example":[839],"treatment":[842],"neonates":[844],"opiate":[846],"pain":[854],"perception":[855],"as":[856,1042,1097,1119,1133],"(15).":[859],"Fibroblast":[860],"growth":[861],"factor":[862],"crosses":[863],"neonate":[868],"increase":[870],"neurogenesis":[871,887],"(16),":[872],"gastrointestinal":[878],"ghrelin":[881],"glucagon-like":[883],"peptide-1,":[884],"also":[885,1149,1392],"affect":[886],"(17\u201319).":[888],"then":[890,998],"question":[893],"whether":[895],"derived":[897],"programming":[905],"during":[909],"period.":[912],"first":[918],"instance":[919],"differences":[922,1158,1174],"long-term":[929],"effects":[930],"specialized":[937],"arm":[938],"BBB,":[941],"tanycytes":[945],"median":[948,962,995,1024,1051],"eminence":[949,963,996,1025,1052],"hypothalamus,":[952,1002],"develops":[953],"rodents":[955],"postnatal":[958],"period":[959],"(20).":[960],"part":[966],"capillaries":[980],"leaky.":[982],"In":[983,1185],"rodent,":[986],"monosodium":[987],"glutamate":[988,1020],"blood":[992,1129,1279,1296],"diffuse":[999],"destroying":[1003],"arcuate":[1005],"nucleus":[1006],"inducing":[1008],"obesity.":[1009],"tanycytic":[1011],"prevents":[1016,1035],"diffusion":[1018],"protects":[1028],"hypothalamus.":[1030],"barrier,":[1032],"course,":[1034],"much":[1037],"larger":[1038],"proteins,":[1040],"such":[1041],"IL-1,":[1045],"leaking":[1047],"hypothalamus":[1055],"(21).":[1056],"As":[1057],"such,":[1058],"substances":[1060,1155],"through":[1065],"their":[1066,1090],"specific,":[1067],"saturable":[1068],"systems.":[1070],"leakage,":[1072],"regulated":[1076],"responsive":[1079],"(22,":[1084],"23).":[1085],"When":[1086],"fail,":[1093],"diseases":[1094],"arise":[1096],"case":[1100],"(24).":[1106],"is,":[1110],"mature":[1112,1183],"sense":[1115],"restrictive":[1120],"leakage":[1123],"serum":[1125],"(25,":[1138],"26).":[1139],"Permeability":[1140],"nearly":[1150],"identical":[1151],"lipid":[1153],"soluble":[1154],"(27).":[1156],"largely":[1166,1231],"thought":[1167],"response":[1171],"needs":[1177,1193,1409],"vs.":[1181],"other":[1186],"words,":[1187],"adapts":[1190],"maturing":[1196],"What":[1198],"shifts":[1203],"activity":[1205],"transporter":[1209,1320],"constitutive":[1212],"inducible":[1214],"mystery.":[1217],"addresses":[1225],"another":[1226],"overlooked":[1232],"field,":[1236],"identity":[1240],"transporters.":[1243],"widely":[1246],"assumed,":[1247],"receptor":[1257],"transporter.":[1261],"Koletsky":[1264],"rat":[1265],"functional":[1268],"receptors":[1270],"(28)":[1271],"yet":[1272],"(29).":[1282],"Furthermore,":[1283],"megalin":[1284],"appears":[1285],"protein":[1289],"responsible":[1290],"cerebrospinal":[1298],"(30).":[1300],"presents":[1308],"circumstantial":[1309],"evidence":[1310],"CRH":[1313,1315,1326],"receptor,":[1314],"receptor-1,":[1316],"urocortin.":[1322],"expression":[1324],"receptor-1":[1327],"still":[1329],"present":[1330],"endothelial":[1335],"cell":[1336],"at":[1337],"time":[1339],"occurring":[1345],"BBB.":[1348],"Overall,":[1349],"reminds":[1357,1393],"us":[1358,1394],"gatekeeper":[1364],"brain,":[1367],"flow":[1370],"information":[1372],"excluding":[1380],"informational":[1382],"molecules":[1383],"access":[1387],"others.":[1389],"itself":[1403],"intimately":[1404],"tune":[1406],"responding":[1414],"changing":[1417],"brain.":[1422],"Blood-brain":[1423],"barrier;":[1424],"system.":[1427]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
