{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1963781345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.10.1630","title":"Restrictions on Undocumented Immigrants\u2019 Access to Health Services: The Public Health Implications of Welfare Reform","display_name":"Restrictions on Undocumented Immigrants\u2019 Access to Health Services: The Public Health Implications of Welfare Reform","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1963781345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.10.1630","mag":"1963781345","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14534212","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1448024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2105/ajph.93.10.1630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.10.1630","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.10.1630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168049282","display_name":"American Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0090-0036","issn":["0090-0036","0271-4353","1541-0048","2330-9687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320277","host_organization_name":"American Public Health Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320277"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Public Health Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1448024","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084292901","display_name":"Jeffrey Todd Kullgren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6269-5707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6269-5707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey T. Kullgren","raw_affiliation_strings":["The author is a medical student at the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The author is a medical student at the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084292901"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3335,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":206,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98097284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"93","issue":"10","first_page":"1630","last_page":"1633"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14226","display_name":"Migration, Racism, and Human Rights","score":0.6693999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14226","display_name":"Migration, Racism, and Human Rights","score":0.6693999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10762","display_name":"Migration, Health and Trauma","score":0.21220000088214874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13534","display_name":"Migration, Identity, and Health","score":0.0868000015616417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undocumented-immigrants","display_name":"undocumented immigrants","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welfare-reform","display_name":"welfare reform","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-responsibility-and-work-opportunity-reconciliation-act","display_name":"PRWORA","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-access","display_name":"health care access","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publicly-funded-health-services","display_name":"publicly funded health services","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration-status","display_name":"immigration status","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preventive-care","display_name":"preventive medicine","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-workers","display_name":"healthcare workers","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illegal-immigration","display_name":"illegal immigration","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-policy","display_name":"public health policy","score":0.8050000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.804172933101654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.640648603439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776916960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637156","display_name":"Warrant","level":2,"score":0.6086644530296326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5254839062690735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.48762503266334534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4751962423324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.4559297263622284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536738050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3249071","display_name":"Social Welfare","level":2,"score":0.44005870819091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3774568736553192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.29503607749938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.28618931770324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.18091827630996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1212243139743805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.08653193712234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004282","descriptor_name":"Documentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004282","descriptor_name":"Documentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004282","descriptor_name":"Documentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004608","descriptor_name":"Eligibility Determination","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004608","descriptor_name":"Eligibility Determination","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004608","descriptor_name":"Eligibility Determination","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004608","descriptor_name":"Eligibility Determination","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004608","descriptor_name":"Eligibility Determination","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004608","descriptor_name":"Eligibility Determination","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004641","descriptor_name":"Emigration and Immigration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006297","descriptor_name":"Health Services Accessibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006297","descriptor_name":"Health Services Accessibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006297","descriptor_name":"Health Services Accessibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011314","descriptor_name":"Preventive Health Services","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011314","descriptor_name":"Preventive Health Services","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011314","descriptor_name":"Preventive Health Services","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011320","descriptor_name":"Primary Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011320","descriptor_name":"Primary Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011320","descriptor_name":"Primary Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011632","descriptor_name":"Public Assistance","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011632","descriptor_name":"Public Assistance","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011632","descriptor_name":"Public Assistance","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012946","descriptor_name":"Social Welfare","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012946","descriptor_name":"Social Welfare","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012946","descriptor_name":"Social Welfare","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013219","descriptor_name":"State Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013219","descriptor_name":"State Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013219","descriptor_name":"State Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014171","descriptor_name":"Transients and Migrants","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014171","descriptor_name":"Transients and Migrants","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014171","descriptor_name":"Transients and Migrants","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035082","descriptor_name":"Federal Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035082","descriptor_name":"Federal Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035082","descriptor_name":"Federal Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2105/ajph.93.10.1630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.10.1630","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.10.1630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168049282","display_name":"American Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0090-0036","issn":["0090-0036","0271-4353","1541-0048","2330-9687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320277","host_organization_name":"American Public Health Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320277"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Public Health Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1448024","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1448024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:14534212","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14534212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of public health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/997562","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://worldcatlibraries.org/registry/gateway?version=1.0&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&atitle=Restrictions+on+undocumented+immigrants'+access+to+health+services:+the+public+health+implications+of+welfare+reform&title=American+Journal+of+Public+Health+&volume=93&issue=10&spage=1633&date=2003-10&au=Kullgren,+Jeffrey+T.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:263660","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1448024","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1448024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.7390999794006348,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.6601999998092651,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11940532","https://openalex.org/W69570405","https://openalex.org/W93979989","https://openalex.org/W158815055","https://openalex.org/W1526929846","https://openalex.org/W1970226591","https://openalex.org/W2009740289","https://openalex.org/W2016599343","https://openalex.org/W2104813863","https://openalex.org/W2154395639","https://openalex.org/W2315724184","https://openalex.org/W2411618707","https://openalex.org/W2417392916","https://openalex.org/W2462756778","https://openalex.org/W4299671405"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3121881796","https://openalex.org/W3033627055","https://openalex.org/W2038992548","https://openalex.org/W6907894157","https://openalex.org/W2110891687","https://openalex.org/W2070812314","https://openalex.org/W2438126399","https://openalex.org/W3090361099","https://openalex.org/W2289244623","https://openalex.org/W2908022214"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Personal":[1],"Responsibility":[2],"and":[3,18,36,39,43,66,86],"Work":[4],"Opportunity":[5],"Reconciliation":[6],"Act":[7],"of":[8,14,34,100,106,110],"1996":[9],"greatly":[10],"restricts":[11],"the":[12,32,88,95],"provision":[13,33,105],"many":[15],"federal,":[16],"state,":[17],"local":[19],"public":[20,68,96],"services":[21,80,108],"to":[22,57,76,103],"undocumented":[23,53,73],"immigrants.":[24],"These":[25,91],"restrictions":[26,71],"have":[27,44],"prompted":[28],"intense":[29],"debates":[30],"about":[31],"free":[35],"discounted":[37],"primary":[38],"preventive":[40],"health":[41,79,83,97,107],"care-services":[42],"placed":[45],"significant":[46],"burdens":[47],"on":[48,72],"institutions":[49],"that":[50],"serve":[51,58],"large":[52],"immigrant":[54],"populations.":[55],"Intended":[56],"as":[59],"a":[60],"tool":[61],"for":[62],"reducing":[63],"illegal":[64],"immigration":[65,111],"protecting":[67],"resources,":[69],"federal":[70],"immigrants'":[74],"access":[75],"publicly":[77],"financed":[78],"unduly":[81],"burden":[82],"care":[84],"providers":[85],"threaten":[87],"public's":[89],"health.":[90],"deleterious":[92],"effects":[93],"warrant":[94],"community's":[98],"support":[99],"strategies":[101],"designed":[102],"sustain":[104],"irrespective":[109],"status.":[112]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}