{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1963674435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.252626899","title":"Near-neutrality in evolution of genes and gene regulation","display_name":"Near-neutrality in evolution of genes and gene regulation","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1963674435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.252626899","mag":"1963674435","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12461171","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/138577"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.252626899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.252626899","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.252626899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/138577","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100810972","display_name":"Tomoko Ohta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113198587","display_name":"National Institute of Genetics","ror":"https://ror.org/02xg1m795","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113198587","https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tomoko Ohta","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113198587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100810972"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113198587"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0605,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":332,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96144896,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"99","issue":"25","first_page":"16134","last_page":"16137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10521","display_name":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nearly-neutral-theory","display_name":"nearly neutral theory","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-drift","display_name":"genetic drift","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-selection","display_name":"natural selection","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synonymous-substitutions","display_name":"synonymous substitutions","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonsynonymous-substitutions","display_name":"nonsynonymous substitutions","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolution-of-gene-regulation","display_name":"gene regulatory evolution","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphological-evolution","display_name":"morphological evolution","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-population-size","display_name":"effective population size","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linked-loci","display_name":"linked loci","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hsp90","display_name":"HSP90","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-chaperones","display_name":"molecular chaperones","score":0.8880000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149904235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049620","display_name":"Nonsynonymous substitution","level":4,"score":0.9175074696540833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1570309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055017","display_name":"Neutral theory of molecular evolution","level":3,"score":0.8156319260597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6825807690620422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166393388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856529","display_name":"Molecular evolution","level":4,"score":0.6103840470314026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9049677","display_name":"Neutrality","level":2,"score":0.6098307371139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.5624663829803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.5616351366043091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61727976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751748","display_name":"Epistasis","level":3,"score":0.5309818387031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3641667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1295959","display_name":"Effective population size","level":4,"score":0.5266299843788147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7386963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3954859","display_name":"Negative selection","level":4,"score":0.515747606754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80990810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486420","display_name":"Genetic drift","level":4,"score":0.4837906062602997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4640127420425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.4489801824092865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138025448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662597","display_name":"Synonymous substitution","level":5,"score":0.44131791591644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.43376150727272034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75268714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43478","display_name":"Natural selection","level":3,"score":0.4120270907878876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68873052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349856","display_name":"Genetic variation","level":3,"score":0.18417727947235107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90132467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184","display_name":"Phylogenetics","level":3,"score":0.12293177843093872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87253356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1106472","display_name":"Codon usage bias","level":4,"score":0.07611227035522461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141231307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020","display_name":"Genome","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004330","descriptor_name":"Drosophila","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004331","descriptor_name":"Drosophila melanogaster","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005786","descriptor_name":"Gene Expression Regulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005796","descriptor_name":"Genes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008040","descriptor_name":"Genetic Linkage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012045","descriptor_name":"Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012641","descriptor_name":"Selection, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013045","descriptor_name":"Species Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017360","descriptor_name":"Arabidopsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018832","descriptor_name":"Molecular Chaperones","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019143","descriptor_name":"Evolution, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019943","descriptor_name":"Amino Acid Substitution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D040961","descriptor_name":"Genetic Drift","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.252626899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.252626899","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.252626899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:177405","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/138577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:138577","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/138577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:12461171","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12461171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:177405","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/138577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532223965","https://openalex.org/W1554180547","https://openalex.org/W1576953632","https://openalex.org/W1913751214","https://openalex.org/W1949557888","https://openalex.org/W1971398555","https://openalex.org/W1982603712","https://openalex.org/W1992909271","https://openalex.org/W2004184848","https://openalex.org/W2007993714","https://openalex.org/W2008711748","https://openalex.org/W2024745007","https://openalex.org/W2029313645","https://openalex.org/W2051814192","https://openalex.org/W2064495883","https://openalex.org/W2065035147","https://openalex.org/W2071537172","https://openalex.org/W2082688468","https://openalex.org/W2097775940","https://openalex.org/W2111232620","https://openalex.org/W2118159158","https://openalex.org/W2133609795","https://openalex.org/W2140538490","https://openalex.org/W2143970360","https://openalex.org/W2145244757","https://openalex.org/W2148039105","https://openalex.org/W2149106578","https://openalex.org/W2156820485","https://openalex.org/W2172258322","https://openalex.org/W2172760571","https://openalex.org/W2173518071","https://openalex.org/W2176302391","https://openalex.org/W2179885821","https://openalex.org/W2791287098","https://openalex.org/W2798823272","https://openalex.org/W4248073006"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045356760","https://openalex.org/W134578793","https://openalex.org/W4231435815","https://openalex.org/W4255329435","https://openalex.org/W2008066483","https://openalex.org/W4206131422","https://openalex.org/W7100053997","https://openalex.org/W2025293107","https://openalex.org/W2065035147","https://openalex.org/W2018137141"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,112],"nearly":[1],"neutral":[2],"theory":[3,38],"contends":[4],"that":[5,106,125],"the":[6,37,42,96,101,119,123,135,151],"interaction":[7,43],"of":[8,31,36,77,98,103,114,122,153],"drift":[9,45,99],"and":[10,14,21,28,41,46],"selection":[11,47],"is":[12,39,48,62,80,95,126],"important":[13],"occurs":[15],"at":[16,52],"various":[17],"levels,":[18],"including":[19],"synonymous":[20,60],"nonsynonymous":[22,68],"substitutions":[23],"in":[24,100,109],"protein":[25,145],"coding":[26],"regions":[27],"sequence":[29],"turnover":[30],"regulatory":[32,78],"elements.":[33],"Recent":[34],"progress":[35],"reviewed,":[40],"between":[44],"suggested":[49],"to":[50,134],"differ":[51],"these":[53],"different":[54],"levels.":[55],"Weak":[56],"selective":[57],"force":[58],"on":[59,67,71,75,84,88,118,150],"changes":[61,69],"stable,":[63],"whereas":[64],"its":[65],"consequence":[66],"depends":[70,117],"environmental":[72,85],"factors.":[73],"Selection":[74],"differentiation":[76],"elements":[79],"even":[81],"more":[82],"dependent":[83],"factors":[86],"than":[87],"amino":[89],"acid":[90],"changes.":[91],"Of":[92],"particular":[93],"significance":[94],"role":[97],"evolution":[102],"gene":[104],"regulation":[105],"directly":[107],"participates":[108],"morphological":[110],"evolution.":[111],"range":[113,152],"near":[115,154],"neutrality":[116],"effective":[120,136],"size":[121],"population":[124,137],"influenced":[127],"by":[128],"selected":[129],"linked":[130],"loci.":[131],"In":[132],"addition":[133],"size,":[138],"molecular":[139],"chaperones":[140],"such":[141],"as":[142],"heat":[143],"shock":[144],"90":[146],"have":[147],"significant":[148],"effects":[149],"neutrality.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
