{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1963132169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199747238.013.0030","title":"Multilevel Criminal Opportunity","display_name":"Multilevel Criminal Opportunity","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1963132169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199747238.013.0030","mag":"1963132169"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199747238.013.0030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199747238.013.0030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199747238.013.0030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463708","display_name":"Oxford University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W568084483","display_name":"The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037852723","display_name":"Pamela Wilcox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1140-8621","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1140-8621"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pamela Wilcox","raw_affiliation_strings":["Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002088127","display_name":"Brooke Miller Gialopsos","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147569298","display_name":"Mount St. Joseph University","ror":"https://ror.org/00e8nsh51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147569298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brooke Miller Gialopsos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sociology and Criminology, College of Mount St. Joseph"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sociology and Criminology, College of Mount St. Joseph","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147569298"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102936013","display_name":"Kenneth C. Land","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9551-7314","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9551-7314"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth C. Land","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sociology, Duke University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sociology, Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.3148,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99160163,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"579","last_page":"602"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-opportunity","display_name":"criminal opportunity","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opportunity-theory","display_name":"opportunity theory","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminality","display_name":"criminality","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-distribution","display_name":"crime distribution","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routine-activity-theory","display_name":"routine activity theory","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-design","display_name":"environmental design","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rational-choice-theory","display_name":"rational choice theory","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-control-theory","display_name":"social control theory","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offender-decision-making","display_name":"offender decision-making","score":0.6119999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.8577021360397339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6360712647438049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.6101200580596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992490269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83267","display_name":"Criminal behavior","level":2,"score":0.5985938310623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.48136264085769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68359772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185715","display_name":"Opportunity cost","level":2,"score":0.4629213809967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4065372943878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.39509156346321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3362714648246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.14964094758033752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.08041167259216309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.07924613356590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199747238.013.0030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199747238.013.0030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199747238.013.0030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463708","display_name":"Oxford University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11527013","https://openalex.org/W158120760","https://openalex.org/W1484003379","https://openalex.org/W1566025235","https://openalex.org/W1618301364","https://openalex.org/W1885550454","https://openalex.org/W1965403115","https://openalex.org/W1969000588","https://openalex.org/W1970727568","https://openalex.org/W1974893842","https://openalex.org/W1975399016","https://openalex.org/W1975818108","https://openalex.org/W1997064047","https://openalex.org/W1998488425","https://openalex.org/W2000571841","https://openalex.org/W2002239113","https://openalex.org/W2006565183","https://openalex.org/W2008911718","https://openalex.org/W2019244300","https://openalex.org/W2025011942","https://openalex.org/W2027643805","https://openalex.org/W2030647574","https://openalex.org/W2033394450","https://openalex.org/W2033730524","https://openalex.org/W2041252507","https://openalex.org/W2045163895","https://openalex.org/W2049265576","https://openalex.org/W2067524849","https://openalex.org/W2071007412","https://openalex.org/W2072369045","https://openalex.org/W2076064721","https://openalex.org/W2082746440","https://openalex.org/W2083910810","https://openalex.org/W2090673727","https://openalex.org/W2097453320","https://openalex.org/W2106516566","https://openalex.org/W2110682935","https://openalex.org/W2112368291","https://openalex.org/W2114664434","https://openalex.org/W2115291267","https://openalex.org/W2135008766","https://openalex.org/W2135552470","https://openalex.org/W2141580761","https://openalex.org/W2153492338","https://openalex.org/W2155752938","https://openalex.org/W2170585035","https://openalex.org/W2504558017","https://openalex.org/W2908347838","https://openalex.org/W4236164831","https://openalex.org/W4241984348","https://openalex.org/W4249104430","https://openalex.org/W4249855545","https://openalex.org/W6607190409"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2333565467","https://openalex.org/W2907271002","https://openalex.org/W2763165880","https://openalex.org/W3091920578","https://openalex.org/W2907776638","https://openalex.org/W2001890816","https://openalex.org/W2908507182","https://openalex.org/W2903946607","https://openalex.org/W4235280113","https://openalex.org/W2998844325"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Some":[1],"people":[2],"are":[3,42],"more":[4,38,40],"likely":[5],"to":[6,16,32,56,68,76],"break":[7,17,69],"the":[8,18,66,70,74,82,104],"law":[9,19],"than":[10],"others.":[11],"This":[12,148],"likelihood":[13],"or":[14,65],"propensity":[15],"is":[20,30],"commonly":[21],"known":[22,125],"as":[23,126],"criminality.":[24],"A":[25,98],"place":[26],"with":[27],"stronger":[28],"criminality":[29,64,94],"predicted":[31],"have":[33,63,102,129],"higher":[34],"crime":[35,85,142],"levels.":[36],"However,":[37],"and":[39,88,95,118],"scholars":[41],"questioning":[43],"this":[44],"way":[45],"of":[46,84,100,106],"explaining":[47],"crime.":[48],"They":[49],"argue":[50],"that":[51,137],"for":[52],"a":[53,154],"criminal":[54,96,107],"event":[55],"take":[57],"place,":[58],"offenders":[59,138],"must":[60],"not":[61],"only":[62],"willingness":[67],"law,":[71],"but":[72],"also":[73],"opportunity":[75,151,157],"act":[77],"on":[78,92,145],"their":[79,134],"desires.":[80],"Thus,":[81],"distribution":[83],"across":[86],"individuals":[87],"environmental":[89,112],"spaces":[90],"depends":[91],"both":[93],"opportunity.":[97,147],"number":[99],"theories":[101,152],"addressed":[103],"importance":[105],"opportunity,":[108],"including":[109],"lifestyle-routine":[110],"activities,":[111],"design,":[113],"rational":[114],"choice,":[115],"offender":[116],"search,":[117],"social":[119],"control":[120],"theories.":[121],"These":[122],"theories,":[123],"collectively":[124],"\u201copportunity":[127],"theories,\u201d":[128],"one":[130],"thing":[131],"in":[132],"common:":[133],"overarching":[135],"premise":[136],"make":[139],"decisions":[140],"about":[141],"events":[143],"based":[144],"perceived":[146],"article":[149],"integrates":[150],"into":[153],"general":[155],"multilevel":[156],"perspective.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}