{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1960074673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2303.1998.00063.x","title":"A comparative study of three variations of the learning vector quantizer in the discrimination of benign from malignant gastric cells","display_name":"A comparative study of three variations of the learning vector quantizer in the discrimination of benign from malignant gastric cells","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1960074673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2303.1998.00063.x","mag":"1960074673","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9577738"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1046/j.1365-2303.1998.00063.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2303.1998.00063.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2303.1998.00063.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86895130","display_name":"Cytopathology","issn_l":"0956-5507","issn":["0956-5507","1365-2303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cytopathology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041155369","display_name":"Petros Karakitsos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2957-6850","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2957-6850"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114623","display_name":"Laiko General Hospital of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/02dvs1389","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114623"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P. Karakitsos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Cytology and Cytogenetics, Laiko Hospital and Athens University, and Departments of ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Cytology and Cytogenetics, Laiko Hospital and Athens University, and Departments of ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114623"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109951309","display_name":"Anna Ioakim\u2010Liossi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114623","display_name":"Laiko General Hospital of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/02dvs1389","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114623"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Ioakim\u2010Liossi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Cytology and Cytogenetics, Laiko Hospital and Athens University, and Departments of ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Cytology and Cytogenetics, Laiko Hospital and Athens University, and Departments of ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114623"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006724063","display_name":"Abraham Pouliakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0074-3619","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0074-3619"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Pouliakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informatics and ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics and ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067546023","display_name":"Efi Botsoli\u2010Stergiou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114623","display_name":"Laiko General Hospital of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/02dvs1389","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114623"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. M. Botsoli\u2010Stergiou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Cytology and Cytogenetics, Laiko Hospital and Athens University, and Departments of ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Cytology and Cytogenetics, Laiko Hospital and Athens University, and Departments of ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114623"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110425259","display_name":"Michalis Tzivras","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Tzivras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pathologic Physiology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathologic Physiology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113468600","display_name":"A Archimandritis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Archimandritis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pathologic Physiology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathologic Physiology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059261894","display_name":"K Kyrkou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114623","display_name":"Laiko General Hospital of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/02dvs1389","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114623"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Kyrkou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Cytology and Cytogenetics, Laiko Hospital and Athens University, and Departments of ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Cytology and Cytogenetics, Laiko Hospital and Athens University, and Departments of ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114623"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041155369"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114623"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15626655,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"114","last_page":"125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-vector-quantization","display_name":"learning vector quantization","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network","display_name":"artificial neural networks","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastric-cytology","display_name":"gastric cytology","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/papanicolaou-stain","display_name":"Papanicolaou staining","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastric-cancer","display_name":"gastric cancer","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastritis","display_name":"gastritis","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastric-ulcer","display_name":"gastric ulcer","score":0.8939999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7838913798332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65051434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3123079","display_name":"Papanicolaou stain","level":4,"score":0.6409962773323059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778654104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1881849","display_name":"Cytopathology","level":3,"score":0.5750483870506287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779399171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1483951","display_name":"Malignancy","level":2,"score":0.5289245843887329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40567965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820283","display_name":"Learning vector quantization","level":3,"score":0.5015177726745605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778677798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183130","display_name":"Gastritis","level":3,"score":0.4663580656051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.4237304925918579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40968960523605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.40641558170318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.35713279247283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.325397253036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.30946946144104004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779422922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029907","display_name":"Stomach","level":2,"score":0.27941739559173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778220009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160105","display_name":"Cervical cancer","level":3,"score":0.27505022287368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18823058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cytology","level":2,"score":0.2216348648071289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14113116264343262}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002454","descriptor_name":"Cell Differentiation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002467","descriptor_name":"Cell Nucleus","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003720","descriptor_name":"Densitometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003937","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Differential","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005756","descriptor_name":"Gastritis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005756","descriptor_name":"Gastritis","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005773","descriptor_name":"Gastroscopy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013194","descriptor_name":"Staining and Labeling","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013274","descriptor_name":"Stomach Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013274","descriptor_name":"Stomach Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013276","descriptor_name":"Stomach Ulcer","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013276","descriptor_name":"Stomach Ulcer","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D048429","descriptor_name":"Cell Size","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1046/j.1365-2303.1998.00063.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2303.1998.00063.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2303.1998.00063.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86895130","display_name":"Cytopathology","issn_l":"0956-5507","issn":["0956-5507","1365-2303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cytopathology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9577738","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9577738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cytopathology : official journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W184362875","https://openalex.org/W1529979774","https://openalex.org/W1550605325","https://openalex.org/W1990863955","https://openalex.org/W2002614363","https://openalex.org/W2047017261","https://openalex.org/W2065588138","https://openalex.org/W2084772916","https://openalex.org/W2116044718","https://openalex.org/W2292376394","https://openalex.org/W2394507163","https://openalex.org/W2398898998","https://openalex.org/W2408786604","https://openalex.org/W2409536862","https://openalex.org/W2409799534","https://openalex.org/W2418793993","https://openalex.org/W2435373081","https://openalex.org/W2469275271","https://openalex.org/W2913399920","https://openalex.org/W3036512766"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2413852401","https://openalex.org/W2431397153","https://openalex.org/W2401063222","https://openalex.org/W2401239325","https://openalex.org/W2462159263","https://openalex.org/W2419203375","https://openalex.org/W7099402849","https://openalex.org/W2406949578","https://openalex.org/W2044233537","https://openalex.org/W2044581828"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"KARAKITSOS":[0],"P.,":[1],"IOAKIM":[2],"LIOSSI":[3],"A.,":[4,6],"POULIAKIS":[5],"BOTSOLI\u2010STERGIOU":[7],"E.":[8],"M.,":[9,11],"TZIVRAS":[10],"ARCHIMANDRITIS":[12],"A.":[13],"AND":[14],"KYRKOU":[15],"K.":[16],"(1998)Cytopathology9,114\u2013125":[17],"A":[18,38],"comparative":[19],"study":[20,40,162],"of":[21,24,32,48,58,72,76,81,98,100,112,132,142,145,151,158,166,183],"three":[22],"variations":[23],"the":[25,30,45,56,119,133,164,181],"learning":[26,134],"vector":[27,135],"quantizer":[28],"in":[29,185],"discrimination":[31,57],"benign":[33,59,146],"from":[34,69,94],"malignant":[35,61,152],"gastric":[36,62,115,186],"cells":[37,68,93,147],"prospective":[39],"was":[41],"undertaken":[42],"to":[43],"investigate":[44],"potential":[46,182],"value":[47],"morphometry":[49,175],"and":[50,60,78,89,103,148,168,173],"artificial":[51],"neural":[52],"networks":[53],"(ANN)":[54],"for":[55],"lesions.":[63],"Two":[64],"thousand":[65],"five":[66],"hundred":[67],"23":[70],"cases":[71,75,80,99],"cancer,":[73,101],"19":[74],"gastritis":[77,102],"58":[79],"ulcer":[82,104],"were":[83,105,122],"selected":[84],"as":[85,107],"a":[86,108,125],"training":[87],"set,":[88],"an":[90,95,155],"additional":[91],"8524":[92],"equal":[96],"number":[97],"used":[106],"test":[109],"set.":[110],"Images":[111],"routine":[113],"processed":[114,123],"smears":[116],"stained":[117],"by":[118,124],"Papanicolaou":[120],"technique":[121],"custom":[126],"image":[127,174],"analysis":[128],"system.":[129],"The":[130],"application":[131],"quantization":[136],"(LVQ)":[137],"classifier":[138],"enabled":[139],"correct":[140],"classification":[141],">":[143,149,159],"97%":[144],"95%":[150],"cells,":[153],"obtaining":[154],"overall":[156],"accuracy":[157],"97%.":[160],"This":[161],"presents":[163],"capabilities":[165],"ANN,":[167],"also":[169],"indicates":[170],"that":[171],"ANN":[172],"may":[176],"offer":[177],"useful":[178],"information":[179],"on":[180],"malignancy":[184],"cells.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}