{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1950360268","doi":null,"title":"Problem-based learning: how do the outcomes compare with traditional teaching?","display_name":"Problem-based learning: how do the outcomes compare with traditional teaching?","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1950360268","mag":"1950360268","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16954011","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1876647"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:526595","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1876647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1876647","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083126737","display_name":"Christopher Elles Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7526-3038","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7526-3038"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher E Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083126737"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31665019,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"530","first_page":"722","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11299","display_name":"Problem and Project Based Learning","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11299","display_name":"Problem and Project Based Learning","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13280","display_name":"Biomedical and Engineering Education","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-based-learning","display_name":"problem-based learning","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"medical education","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conventional-instruction-comparison","display_name":"conventional instruction comparison","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-curriculum","display_name":"medical curriculum","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-outcomes","display_name":"educational outcomes","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lifelong-learning","display_name":"lifelong learning","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-group-learning","display_name":"small group learning","score":0.5230000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060990","display_name":"Problem-based learning","level":2,"score":0.7110869884490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.6968045830726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.5759450793266296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5315145254135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108771440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368475","display_name":"Lifelong learning","level":2,"score":0.5164852142333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5111621022224426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.44812458753585815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.28980785608291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2104029357433319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.17571932077407837}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001291","descriptor_name":"Attitude of Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002321","descriptor_name":"Career Choice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002983","descriptor_name":"Clinical Competence","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004502","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical, Continuing","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004502","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical, Continuing","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004504","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical, Undergraduate","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004504","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical, Undergraduate","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018794","descriptor_name":"Problem-Based Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018794","descriptor_name":"Problem-Based Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:526595","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1876647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1876647","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1876647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Br J Gen Pract","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:16954011","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16954011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:526595","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1876647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.975600004196167,"display_name":"Quality education"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512021223","https://openalex.org/W1634787338","https://openalex.org/W1981930409","https://openalex.org/W1983314098","https://openalex.org/W1989815757","https://openalex.org/W1996932661","https://openalex.org/W2030558899","https://openalex.org/W2032094149","https://openalex.org/W2037540432","https://openalex.org/W2043906018","https://openalex.org/W2048166157","https://openalex.org/W2070680754","https://openalex.org/W2075416894","https://openalex.org/W2075517222","https://openalex.org/W2078833117","https://openalex.org/W2100056270","https://openalex.org/W2100449587","https://openalex.org/W2112658687","https://openalex.org/W2112780789","https://openalex.org/W2122651872","https://openalex.org/W2149485252","https://openalex.org/W2163352160","https://openalex.org/W2604465442","https://openalex.org/W2801898423"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096480668","https://openalex.org/W2037378031","https://openalex.org/W3141260397","https://openalex.org/W4205907536","https://openalex.org/W2000788481","https://openalex.org/W2039461050","https://openalex.org/W2065937163","https://openalex.org/W2267162427","https://openalex.org/W3162321407","https://openalex.org/W2275473715"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Problem-based":[0],"learning":[1,134],"(PBL)":[2],"was":[3,183],"first":[4],"introduced":[5],"into":[6],"the":[7,11,16,19,42,56,87,116,153,187],"medical":[8,46,60],"curriculum":[9],"in":[10,13,41,55,186],"UK":[12,45],"1995.1":[14],"With":[15],"support":[17],"of":[18,44,53,89,97,118,143,147,152,163,176],"General":[20],"Medical":[21],"Council,":[22],"who":[23],"state":[24],"that":[25,65],"\u2018modern":[26],"educational":[27,91,129,156],"theory":[28],"and":[29,34,48,136],"research":[30],"must":[31],"influence":[32],"teaching":[33,54],"learning\u2019,2":[35],"it":[36],"has":[37,161],"now":[38],"been":[39,162],"adopted":[40],"majority":[43],"schools":[47],"is":[49,63,75,139,150],"a":[50,77,83,126],"core":[51],"component":[52],"four":[57,175],"new":[58],"English":[59],"schools.3":[61],"It":[62],"thought":[64],"PBL":[66,124,144],"will":[67],"better":[68],"equip":[69],"doctors":[70],"for":[71,81],"lifelong":[72],"learning,":[73],"but":[74,158],"there":[76],"good":[78],"evidence":[79],"base":[80],"such":[82],"paradigm":[84],"shift":[85],"beyond":[86],"application":[88],"modern":[90],"theory?\n\nPBL":[92],"essentially":[93],"involves":[94],"small":[95],"groups":[96],"students":[98],"discussing":[99],"some":[100,122],"trigger":[101],"material":[102],"(the":[103],"problem),":[104],"determining":[105],"what":[106],"they":[107],"need":[108],"to":[109,114],"study,":[110],"then":[111],"meeting":[112],"again":[113],"share":[115],"results":[117],"their":[119],"learning.":[120],"However":[121],"see":[123],"as":[125],"more":[127],"general":[128],"strategy":[130],"embracing":[131],"philosophy,":[132],"curriculum,":[133],"environment":[135],"outcomes.4":[137],"There":[138,182],"no":[140],"agreed":[141],"definition":[142],"making":[145],"comparison":[146],"studies":[148],"difficult.5\n\nPBL":[149],"one":[151],"most":[154],"researched":[155],"interventions,6":[157],"little":[159,184],"published":[160],"high":[164],"quality.5":[165],"Authors":[166],"frequently":[167],"cite":[168],"five":[169],"reviews6\u201310":[170],"covering":[171],"91":[172],"papers,":[173],"only":[174],"which":[177],"were":[178],"randomised":[179],"controlled":[180],"trials.":[181],"overlap":[185],"papers":[188],"included":[189],"between":[190],"\u2026":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}