{"id":"https://openalex.org/W194896566","doi":null,"title":"Use hedging strategies to reduce crude costs","display_name":"Use hedging strategies to reduce crude costs","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W194896566","mag":"194896566"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:194896566","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/5307607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hydrocarbon Process","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048357604","display_name":"Russell Heinen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Russell Heinen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066072521","display_name":"P. V. Groetzinger","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. V. Groetzinger","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04456654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"4","first_page":"57","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11059","display_name":"Market Dynamics and Volatility","score":0.7211999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11059","display_name":"Market Dynamics and Volatility","score":0.7211999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12276","display_name":"Risk Management in Financial Firms","score":0.27469998598098755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10047","display_name":"Financial Markets and Investment Strategies","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crude-oil-futures","display_name":"crude oil futures","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-prices","display_name":"oil prices","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-risk-management","display_name":"price risk management","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/futures-trading","display_name":"futures trading","score":0.503000020980835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106306483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183984","display_name":"Futures contract","level":2,"score":0.899610698223114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987168347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22656","display_name":"Crude oil","level":2,"score":0.8556092977523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96375826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5180334","display_name":"Crack spread","level":3,"score":0.6736618876457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983622608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2298435","display_name":"Futures market","level":3,"score":0.45518726110458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141100683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748644","display_name":"Convenience yield","level":4,"score":0.42669716477394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70784835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049071","display_name":"West Texas Intermediate","level":3,"score":0.42288678884506226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70771513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235779","display_name":"Hedge","level":2,"score":0.4103948771953583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4012874662876129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.395395427942276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.351982057094574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.33806049823760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.31138432025909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175223733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047888","display_name":"Spot contract","level":3,"score":0.2814088761806488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14843273162841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:194896566","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/5307607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hydrocarbon Process","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3111906246","https://openalex.org/W103280422","https://openalex.org/W154857546","https://openalex.org/W4232840568","https://openalex.org/W1903173848","https://openalex.org/W4323967679","https://openalex.org/W2948449023","https://openalex.org/W2085507655","https://openalex.org/W4377091743","https://openalex.org/W6991513530"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"crude":[1,10,23,53],"oil":[2,11,24,54],"buyers":[3],"seeking":[4],"to":[5],"minimize":[6],"risk,":[7],"and":[8,35,43],"with":[9],"proving":[12],"suitable":[13],"for":[14],"futures":[15,25,55],"trading,":[16],"the":[17,37,45,52],"New":[18],"York":[19],"Mercantile":[20],"Exchanger":[21],"(NYMEX)":[22],"contract":[26],"has":[27],"attracted":[28],"increasing":[29],"world":[30],"attention.":[31],"This":[32],"article":[33],"defines":[34],"reviews":[36],"performance":[38],"of":[39,47],"several":[40],"hedging":[41],"strategies":[42],"compares":[44],"results":[46],"different":[48],"ways":[49],"in":[50],"which":[51],"market":[56],"may":[57],"be":[58],"used.":[59]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
