{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1945872371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.703161","title":"Unilateral Refusals to License in the U.S.","display_name":"Unilateral Refusals to License in the U.S.","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1945872371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.703161","mag":"1945872371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.703161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.703161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.703161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.703161","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042749350","display_name":"Herbert Hovenkamp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4583-5162","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4583-5162"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Herbert Hovenkamp","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania - The Wharton School, 3641 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6365, United States","University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School, 3501 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States","University College London","University of Pennsylvania - The Wharton School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania - The Wharton School, 3641 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6365, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School, 3501 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania - The Wharton School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mark David Janis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark David Janis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University Maurer School of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University Maurer School of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088186426","display_name":"Mark A. Lemley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-0582","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-0582"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark A. Lemley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Law School, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, CA 94305-8610, United States","Stanford Law School"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-0582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Law School, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, CA 94305-8610, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088186426"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.9082000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.9082000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.06620000302791595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.008200000040233135,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"intellectual property","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-law","display_name":"competition law","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-licensing","display_name":"patent licensing","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-power","display_name":"market power","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-law-and-intellectual-property","display_name":"competition law and intellectual property","score":0.5009999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780154274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126717","display_name":"Download","level":2,"score":0.8055591583251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.786334753036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5297257304191589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.5196260809898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5149694085121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4300367832183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.23128226399421692}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.703161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.703161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.703161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.uiowa.edu:law_pubs-1578","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.uiowa.edu/law_pubs/579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401239","display_name":"Iowa Research Online (The University of Iowa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","host_organization_name":"University of Iowa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College of Law Publications","raw_type":"book_contribution"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.upenn.edu:faculty_scholarship-2922","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/1920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196469","display_name":"Penn Carey Law Legal Scholarship Repository (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"All Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.703161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.703161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.703161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.4399999976158142}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5895422","https://openalex.org/W7958282","https://openalex.org/W78572597","https://openalex.org/W595754845","https://openalex.org/W630965638","https://openalex.org/W1856742972","https://openalex.org/W2158284533","https://openalex.org/W2164271976","https://openalex.org/W2483430994","https://openalex.org/W2514352717","https://openalex.org/W2779074086","https://openalex.org/W2801956696","https://openalex.org/W2802498158","https://openalex.org/W2912437831","https://openalex.org/W2913861591","https://openalex.org/W2913951137","https://openalex.org/W4230825935","https://openalex.org/W4233295449","https://openalex.org/W4236066226","https://openalex.org/W4237227777","https://openalex.org/W4237564045","https://openalex.org/W4241818753","https://openalex.org/W4243257051","https://openalex.org/W4246500275","https://openalex.org/W4247158905","https://openalex.org/W4247288388","https://openalex.org/W4250635231","https://openalex.org/W4254791894","https://openalex.org/W4255285557"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079750972","https://openalex.org/W2272542555","https://openalex.org/W2288260420","https://openalex.org/W2133346183","https://openalex.org/W580373017","https://openalex.org/W1604347872","https://openalex.org/W1490383947","https://openalex.org/W3123256517","https://openalex.org/W374101899","https://openalex.org/W2321360300"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}