{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1944351269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500101","title":"And They Are Still Targeting: Assessing the Effectiveness of Targeted Sanctions against Zimbabwe","display_name":"And They Are Still Targeting: Assessing the Effectiveness of Targeted Sanctions against Zimbabwe","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1944351269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500101","mag":"1944351269"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/000203971004500101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84895730","display_name":"Africa Spectrum","issn_l":"0002-0397","issn":["0002-0397","1868-6869"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Africa Spectrum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500101","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023912333","display_name":"Jan Grebe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jan Grebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aachen University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aachen University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023912333"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7539,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91554824,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13007","display_name":"Economic Sanctions and International Relations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13007","display_name":"Economic Sanctions and International Relations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12635","display_name":"African studies and sociopolitical issues","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/targeted-sanctions","display_name":"targeted sanctions","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zimbabwe","display_name":"Zimbabwe","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanctions-effectiveness","display_name":"sanctions effectiveness","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/travel-ban","display_name":"travel ban","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-constraints","display_name":"financial constraints","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-sanctions","display_name":"EU sanctions","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-sanctions","display_name":"US sanctions","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authoritarian-regimes","display_name":"authoritarian regimes","score":0.8899999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.9716373682022095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.7144988775253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.665965735912323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.6275248527526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.6161196231842041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68346564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6229","display_name":"Authoritarianism","level":4,"score":0.5845991373062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.4429296851158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.40790820121765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3343506455421448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.30467790365219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.30447131395339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27564775943756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.2502863109111786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.059031546115875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/000203971004500101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84895730","display_name":"Africa Spectrum","issn_l":"0002-0397","issn":["0002-0397","1868-6869"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Africa Spectrum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gig:afjour:v:45:y:2010:i:1:p:3-29","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/afsp/article/view/246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0aa27aab191a412bb1c0be5f02dbf569","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0aa27aab191a412bb1c0be5f02dbf569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Africa Spectrum, Vol 45, Iss 1, Pp 3-29 (2010)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gesis.izsoz.de:document/12736","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/afsp/article/view/246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401996","display_name":"Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS \u2013 Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210101898","host_organization_name":"GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Africa Spectrum","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de.giga:article/246","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/afsp/article/view/246","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Africa Spectrum; Vol 45, No 1 (2010); 3-29","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/000203971004500101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84895730","display_name":"Africa Spectrum","issn_l":"0002-0397","issn":["0002-0397","1868-6869"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Africa Spectrum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8046000003814697}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W316980065","https://openalex.org/W403565018","https://openalex.org/W565068792","https://openalex.org/W640258788","https://openalex.org/W650263744","https://openalex.org/W653281509","https://openalex.org/W1042472937","https://openalex.org/W1480143687","https://openalex.org/W1492515712","https://openalex.org/W1495357714","https://openalex.org/W1503155322","https://openalex.org/W1530598776","https://openalex.org/W1554856622","https://openalex.org/W1559005565","https://openalex.org/W1564521370","https://openalex.org/W1575991717","https://openalex.org/W1596819656","https://openalex.org/W1997469058","https://openalex.org/W2007228882","https://openalex.org/W2022956736","https://openalex.org/W2027691368","https://openalex.org/W2060886834","https://openalex.org/W2064861031","https://openalex.org/W2077605190","https://openalex.org/W2147033509","https://openalex.org/W2246853127","https://openalex.org/W2493732598","https://openalex.org/W2981977497","https://openalex.org/W3000613516","https://openalex.org/W4205565891","https://openalex.org/W4248880129"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308278949","https://openalex.org/W4283794450","https://openalex.org/W3190801179","https://openalex.org/W2506219807","https://openalex.org/W1913906110","https://openalex.org/W4200372321","https://openalex.org/W4230204844","https://openalex.org/W163381384","https://openalex.org/W2762780760","https://openalex.org/W2102970536"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Targeted":[0],"sanctions":[1,24,46,102],"have":[2,30,52,78],"been":[3,31],"extensively":[4],"used":[5],"by":[6,114],"states":[7],"throughout":[8],"history":[9],"to":[10,54,128,135,140],"achieve":[11,55],"political":[12,57,110],"objectives.":[13,111],"This":[14],"article":[15,42],"examines":[16],"the":[17,26,41,45,56,61,65,71,75,80,84,95,98,101,106,109,129,136],"European":[18,62],"Union's":[19],"and":[20,50,64,74,123],"United":[21,66],"States'":[22],"targeted":[23],"against":[25],"Zimbabwean":[27,130],"regime,":[28],"which":[29],"in":[32,126],"place":[33],"for":[34],"several":[35],"years.":[36],"The":[37],"central":[38],"thesis":[39],"of":[40,59,70,83,89,100,108,138],"is":[43,133],"that":[44,97],"are":[47],"not":[48],"effective":[49],"thus":[51],"failed":[53],"objectives":[58],"both":[60],"Union":[63],"States.":[67],"Numerous":[68],"violations":[69],"travel":[72],"ban":[73],"financial":[76],"restrictions":[77],"undermined":[79],"general":[81],"effectiveness":[82],"sanctions.":[85],"A":[86],"detailed":[87],"analysis":[88],"each":[90],"individual":[91],"measure":[92],"empirically":[93],"supports":[94],"argument":[96],"ineffectiveness":[99],"has":[103],"negatively":[104],"influenced":[105],"achievement":[107],"In":[112],"addition,":[113],"taking":[115],"a":[116],"closer":[117],"look":[118],"at":[119],"Risa":[120],"Brooks'":[121],"theory":[122],"discussing":[124],"it":[125],"regards":[127],"sanctions,":[131],"attention":[132],"drawn":[134],"question":[137],"how":[139],"target":[141],"authoritarian":[142],"regimes.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}