{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1940577795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22035","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Nonbiologic Immunosuppressants in the Treatment of Nonrenal Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review","display_name":"Efficacy and Safety of Nonbiologic Immunosuppressants in the Treatment of Nonrenal Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1940577795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22035","mag":"1940577795","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23609987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/acr.22035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13698240","display_name":"Arthritis Care & Research","issn_l":"0893-7524","issn":["0893-7524","1529-0123","2151-464X","2151-4658"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Arthritis Care &amp; Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11940/2365","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036618124","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Pego\u2010Reigosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3461-3537","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3461-3537"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802353815","display_name":"University Hospital Complex Of Vigo","ror":"https://ror.org/01ybfxd46","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802353815","https://openalex.org/I4210158352"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 M. Pego\u2010Reigosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Hospitalary Complex of Vigo, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Vigo Vigo Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospitalary Complex of Vigo, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Vigo Vigo Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802353815"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053731301","display_name":"Tatiana Cobo\u2010Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9220-1867","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9220-1867"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160736","display_name":"Hospital Universitario Infanta Sof\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/05dfzd836","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139293","https://openalex.org/I4210160736"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tatiana Cobo\u2010Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Hospital Infanta Sof\u00eda Madrid Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospital Infanta Sof\u00eda Madrid Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160736"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040669987","display_name":"Jaime Calvo Al\u00e9n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9378-8412","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9378-8412"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103576","display_name":"Hospital Sierrallana","ror":"https://ror.org/01b2c5015","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103576"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaime Calvo\u2010Al\u00e9n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sierrallana Hospi\u2010 tal Torrelavega Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sierrallana Hospi\u2010 tal Torrelavega Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034569663","display_name":"Est\u00edbaliz Loza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4607-9178","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4607-9178"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Est\u00edbaliz Loza\u2010Santamar\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Musculoskeletal Health Madrid Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Musculoskeletal Health Madrid Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024237017","display_name":"Anisur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2346-4484","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2346-4484","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1033-5034","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8279-9810"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289784979","display_name":"University College Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00wrevg56","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289784979","https://openalex.org/I1340918713"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anisur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London Hospital London UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London Hospital London UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289784979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059192208","display_name":"Santiago Mu\u00f1oz\u2010Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-2085","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2758-2085"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160736","display_name":"Hospital Universitario Infanta Sof\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/05dfzd836","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139293","https://openalex.org/I4210160736"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santiago Mu\u00f1oz\u2010Fern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Hospital Infanta Sof\u00eda Madrid Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospital Infanta Sof\u00eda Madrid Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160736"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013324467","display_name":"\u00cd\u00f1igo R\u00faa\u2010Figueroa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7894-1690","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7894-1690"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098027","display_name":"Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negr\u00edn","ror":"https://ror.org/00s4vhs88","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098027"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00cd\u00f1igo R\u00faa\u2010Figueroa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Doctor Negr\u00edn University Hospital of Gran Canaria Gran Canaria Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctor Negr\u00edn University Hospital of Gran Canaria Gran Canaria Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098027"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4640,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4640},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8011,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53633855,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"11","first_page":"1775","last_page":"1785"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10308","display_name":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10308","display_name":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11330","display_name":"Systemic Sclerosis and Related Diseases","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10200","display_name":"Rheumatoid Arthritis Research and Therapies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systemic-lupus-erythematosus","display_name":"systemic lupus erythematosus","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyclophosphamide","display_name":"cyclophosphamide","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methotrexate","display_name":"methotrexate","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azathioprine","display_name":"azathioprine","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leflunomide","display_name":"leflunomide","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mycophenolate-mofetil","display_name":"mycophenolate mofetil","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyclosporine","display_name":"cyclosporine","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steroid-sparing-effect","display_name":"steroid-sparing effect","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relapse-prevention","display_name":"relapse prevention","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-safety","display_name":"drug safety","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-efficacy","display_name":"drug efficacy","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuropsychiatric-systemic-lupus-erythematosus","display_name":"neuropsychiatric lupus","score":0.7379999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9161425828933716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136524200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3136977","display_name":"Jadad scale","level":4,"score":0.7722193002700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18939","display_name":"Azathioprine","level":3,"score":0.6886022090911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776755627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408524","display_name":"Cyclophosphamide","level":3,"score":0.6420294642448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775905006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248550","display_name":"Leflunomide","level":3,"score":0.6083248257637024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5412726998329163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.46997493505477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27081682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829","display_name":"Placebo","level":3,"score":0.4531375467777252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781059491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422232","display_name":"Methotrexate","level":2,"score":0.42728984355926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776478404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1105187","display_name":"Cochrane Library","level":3,"score":0.17962443828582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776694085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974135","display_name":"Chemotherapy","level":2,"score":0.1592254638671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.07502701878547668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.07038611173629761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007166","descriptor_name":"Immunosuppressive Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008180","descriptor_name":"Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/acr.22035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13698240","display_name":"Arthritis Care & Research","issn_l":"0893-7524","issn":["0893-7524","1529-0123","2151-464X","2151-4658"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Arthritis Care &amp; Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23609987","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23609987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Arthritis care & research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:runa________::d80efda012cf54c14bd77835e8241ce5","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11940/2365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1423317","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1423317/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) , 65 (11) pp. 1775-1785. (2013)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:runa.sergas.gal:20.500.11940/2365","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11940/2365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402506","display_name":"RUNA. Repositorio Institucional del Sergas (Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210158352","host_organization_name":"Servicio Gallego de Salud","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158352"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:runa________::d80efda012cf54c14bd77835e8241ce5","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11940/2365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42940117","https://openalex.org/W119939248","https://openalex.org/W180182630","https://openalex.org/W1865567345","https://openalex.org/W1882870676","https://openalex.org/W1890477769","https://openalex.org/W1964393419","https://openalex.org/W1967513948","https://openalex.org/W1968006914","https://openalex.org/W1971058219","https://openalex.org/W1975164115","https://openalex.org/W1986215651","https://openalex.org/W1989273660","https://openalex.org/W1989833634","https://openalex.org/W1990570321","https://openalex.org/W1994649501","https://openalex.org/W2008194681","https://openalex.org/W2010603449","https://openalex.org/W2015961430","https://openalex.org/W2016157833","https://openalex.org/W2023862046","https://openalex.org/W2024442997","https://openalex.org/W2026355082","https://openalex.org/W2026803707","https://openalex.org/W2027508850","https://openalex.org/W2029185951","https://openalex.org/W2031874571","https://openalex.org/W2035669430","https://openalex.org/W2036917673","https://openalex.org/W2040051436","https://openalex.org/W2045852320","https://openalex.org/W2046330020","https://openalex.org/W2048555714","https://openalex.org/W2049831025","https://openalex.org/W2053313454","https://openalex.org/W2055917203","https://openalex.org/W2061182345","https://openalex.org/W2068510877","https://openalex.org/W2073578710","https://openalex.org/W2078557610","https://openalex.org/W2094074845","https://openalex.org/W2096194879","https://openalex.org/W2098171296","https://openalex.org/W2102435584","https://openalex.org/W2109680824","https://openalex.org/W2111387994","https://openalex.org/W2119280075","https://openalex.org/W2124715046","https://openalex.org/W2125094181","https://openalex.org/W2127641014","https://openalex.org/W2131457901","https://openalex.org/W2132053014","https://openalex.org/W2133154370","https://openalex.org/W2136149088","https://openalex.org/W2136502410","https://openalex.org/W2137656088","https://openalex.org/W2140529324","https://openalex.org/W2144258326","https://openalex.org/W2149459259","https://openalex.org/W2150891082","https://openalex.org/W2155957466","https://openalex.org/W2156893854","https://openalex.org/W2157239580","https://openalex.org/W2160388191","https://openalex.org/W2162112605","https://openalex.org/W2162450250","https://openalex.org/W2162678337","https://openalex.org/W2165897466","https://openalex.org/W2166144559","https://openalex.org/W2171121999","https://openalex.org/W2171875742","https://openalex.org/W2220574024","https://openalex.org/W2258248158","https://openalex.org/W2284370684","https://openalex.org/W2298810042","https://openalex.org/W2325436400","https://openalex.org/W2325870812","https://openalex.org/W2336632766","https://openalex.org/W2413039638","https://openalex.org/W2415241547","https://openalex.org/W2419258208","https://openalex.org/W2421336871","https://openalex.org/W3156996711"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2319625997","https://openalex.org/W2053925721","https://openalex.org/W119919271","https://openalex.org/W7065208804","https://openalex.org/W3096858044","https://openalex.org/W4416759299","https://openalex.org/W2329286908","https://openalex.org/W2047361154","https://openalex.org/W4411568214","https://openalex.org/W4240140433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"analyze":[2],"the":[3,11,30,91,101,114,118,226],"efficacy":[4,67,132,169,199],"and":[5,29,63,75,90,174,198,222],"safety":[6,197],"of":[7,13,34,82,94,100,153,187,190,232,238,241],"nonbiologic":[8,55],"immunosuppressants":[9,160,194],"in":[10,26,170,184,200,218,229],"treatment":[12,52],"nonrenal":[14,172,201],"systemic":[15],"lupus":[16],"erythematosus":[17],"(SLE).":[18],"METHODS:":[19],"We":[20],"conducted":[21],"a":[22,51,57,177],"sensitive":[23],"literature":[24],"search":[25],"Medline,":[27],"Embase,":[28],"Cochrane":[31],"Central":[32],"Register":[33],"Controlled":[35],"Trials":[36],"up":[37],"to":[38],"October":[39],"2011.":[40],"The":[41,80],"selection":[42],"criteria":[43],"were":[44,78,106,120],"studies":[45,77,112,119],"including":[46],"adult":[47],"patients":[48,242],"with":[49,54,123,138,149,176],"SLE,":[50,135],"intervention":[53],"immunosuppressants,":[56],"placebo":[58],"or":[59],"active":[60,234],"comparator":[61],"group,":[62],"outcome":[64],"measures":[65],"assessing":[66],"and/or":[68],"safety.":[69],"Meta-analyses,":[70],"systematic":[71],"reviews,":[72],"clinical":[73],"trials,":[74],"cohort":[76],"included.":[79],"quality":[81],"each":[83,207],"study":[84],"was":[85,147],"evaluated":[86],"using":[87],"Jadad\u2019s":[88],"scale":[89],"Oxford":[92],"Levels":[93],"Evidence.":[95],"RESULTS:":[96],"In":[97],"total,":[98],"158":[99],"2,827":[102],"initially":[103],"found":[104],"articles":[105],"selected":[107],"for":[108,133,206],"detailed":[109],"review;":[110],"65":[111],"fulfilled":[113],"predetermined":[115],"criteria.":[116],"Overall,":[117],"low":[121],"quality,":[122],"only":[124,181],"11":[125],"randomized":[126],"controlled":[127],"trials":[128],"(RCTs).":[129],"Cyclophosphamide":[130],"demonstrated":[131,168,195],"neuropsychiatric":[134],"preventing":[136],"relapses":[137],"an":[139],"additional":[140],"steroid":[141],"sparing":[142],"effect,":[143,179],"although":[144,180,213],"its":[145],"use":[146],"associated":[148],"cumulative":[150],"damage,":[151],"development":[152],"cervical":[154],"intraepithelial":[155],"neoplasia,and":[156],"ovarian":[157],"failure.":[158],"Other":[159],"(azathioprine,":[161],"methotrexate,":[162],"leflunomide,":[163],"mycophenolate":[164],"mofetil,and":[165],"cyclosporin":[166],"A)":[167],"reducing":[171],"activity":[173],"flares":[175],"steroid-sparing":[178],"on":[182],"occasion":[183],"non\u2013placebo-controlled":[185],"RCTs":[186,237],"small":[188],"numbers":[189,240],"patients.":[191],"CONCLUSION:":[192],"Several":[193],"their":[196],"SLE.":[202,235],"A":[203],"specific":[204],"drug":[205],"particular":[208],"manifestation":[209],"cannot":[210],"be":[211,216,225],"recommended,":[212],"cyclophosphamide":[214],"may":[215,224],"used":[217],"more":[219],"severe":[220],"cases,":[221],"methotrexate":[223],"first":[227],"option":[228],"most":[230],"cases":[231],"moderately":[233],"High-quality":[236],"larger":[239],"are":[243],"needed.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
