{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1940132636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103255","title":"My Winding Road: From Microbiology to Toxicology and Environmental Health*","display_name":"My Winding Road: From Microbiology to Toxicology and Environmental Health*","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1940132636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103255","mag":"1940132636","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26514198"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S163849586","display_name":"The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology","issn_l":"0362-1642","issn":["0362-1642","1545-4304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023792841","display_name":"Linda S. Birnbaum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5429-5658","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5429-5658"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095140","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4k1h63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linda S. Birnbaum","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; email: birnbaumls@niehs.nih.gov","National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research#N# Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; email: birnbaumls@niehs.nih.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research#N# Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095140"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023792841"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4532,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64963504,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.7060999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.7060999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13495","display_name":"Biographical and Historical Analysis","score":0.15700000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":0.016899999231100082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/career-paths","display_name":"career paths","score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microbiology","display_name":"microbiology","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxicology","display_name":"toxicology","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"environmental health","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-institute-of-environmental-health-sciences","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-toxicology-program","display_name":"National Toxicology Program","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-in-science","display_name":"women in science","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jewish-women","display_name":"Jewish women","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-life","display_name":"family life","score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-disability","display_name":"intellectual disability","score":0.6259999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780430339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861465","display_name":"Brother","level":2,"score":0.8577687740325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778047097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3031","display_name":"Girl","level":2,"score":0.8265824317932129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778983918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188830","display_name":"Wife","level":2,"score":0.8048830628395081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777106239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q595094","display_name":"Sister","level":2,"score":0.7763534784317017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53553401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307","display_name":"Genealogy","level":1,"score":0.3858721852302551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3448522686958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3334648609161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.33319994807243347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3241727352142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2694063186645508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.23096820712089539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.12026798725128174}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004781","descriptor_name":"Environmental Exposure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004782","descriptor_name":"Environmental Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012108","descriptor_name":"Research Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014116","descriptor_name":"Toxicology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S163849586","display_name":"The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology","issn_l":"0362-1642","issn":["0362-1642","1545-4304"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26514198","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26514198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":119,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67100711","https://openalex.org/W124006600","https://openalex.org/W1963955038","https://openalex.org/W1965664754","https://openalex.org/W1969866746","https://openalex.org/W1970731848","https://openalex.org/W1973995986","https://openalex.org/W1979204278","https://openalex.org/W1981535636","https://openalex.org/W1981612659","https://openalex.org/W1982024798","https://openalex.org/W1983861032","https://openalex.org/W1986474341","https://openalex.org/W1987204270","https://openalex.org/W1988387840","https://openalex.org/W1988456082","https://openalex.org/W1988514662","https://openalex.org/W1989833264","https://openalex.org/W1990026967","https://openalex.org/W1992017109","https://openalex.org/W1994223544","https://openalex.org/W1994260771","https://openalex.org/W1994822295","https://openalex.org/W1995184655","https://openalex.org/W1997471402","https://openalex.org/W2000784355","https://openalex.org/W2002002524","https://openalex.org/W2002828804","https://openalex.org/W2004129182","https://openalex.org/W2005531989","https://openalex.org/W2005702152","https://openalex.org/W2006300425","https://openalex.org/W2007131197","https://openalex.org/W2007388374","https://openalex.org/W2013290265","https://openalex.org/W2014683687","https://openalex.org/W2015068403","https://openalex.org/W2015092799","https://openalex.org/W2016903592","https://openalex.org/W2017148794","https://openalex.org/W2017276221","https://openalex.org/W2017887986","https://openalex.org/W2018969253","https://openalex.org/W2019177342","https://openalex.org/W2024007331","https://openalex.org/W2024432241","https://openalex.org/W2027717019","https://openalex.org/W2028054748","https://openalex.org/W2028498121","https://openalex.org/W2029645215","https://openalex.org/W2031639867","https://openalex.org/W2032750016","https://openalex.org/W2034237124","https://openalex.org/W2035806003","https://openalex.org/W2035812617","https://openalex.org/W2037158863","https://openalex.org/W2038743591","https://openalex.org/W2039983737","https://openalex.org/W2042207206","https://openalex.org/W2043264786","https://openalex.org/W2043517738","https://openalex.org/W2047534607","https://openalex.org/W2047764430","https://openalex.org/W2050136099","https://openalex.org/W2050542881","https://openalex.org/W2052839050","https://openalex.org/W2053769837","https://openalex.org/W2053922265","https://openalex.org/W2054927004","https://openalex.org/W2058307422","https://openalex.org/W2059516611","https://openalex.org/W2061473530","https://openalex.org/W2063460934","https://openalex.org/W2068579029","https://openalex.org/W2069233447","https://openalex.org/W2069964227","https://openalex.org/W2070230169","https://openalex.org/W2074200426","https://openalex.org/W2074648455","https://openalex.org/W2076387665","https://openalex.org/W2080020022","https://openalex.org/W2082273878","https://openalex.org/W2084491339","https://openalex.org/W2084759955","https://openalex.org/W2087335380","https://openalex.org/W2087646139","https://openalex.org/W2093224982","https://openalex.org/W2093483299","https://openalex.org/W2095635291","https://openalex.org/W2098235760","https://openalex.org/W2098921398","https://openalex.org/W2103755708","https://openalex.org/W2105623222","https://openalex.org/W2108802321","https://openalex.org/W2113571738","https://openalex.org/W2113750680","https://openalex.org/W2118800195","https://openalex.org/W2121568255","https://openalex.org/W2129606024","https://openalex.org/W2137771759","https://openalex.org/W2139229109","https://openalex.org/W2140811201","https://openalex.org/W2141268066","https://openalex.org/W2144672741","https://openalex.org/W2159937320","https://openalex.org/W2164373186","https://openalex.org/W2165387841","https://openalex.org/W2165789878","https://openalex.org/W2165846184","https://openalex.org/W2169603142","https://openalex.org/W2171196252","https://openalex.org/W2171366678","https://openalex.org/W2175770380","https://openalex.org/W2267106088","https://openalex.org/W2317142335","https://openalex.org/W2401554594","https://openalex.org/W4229875191","https://openalex.org/W4242664298","https://openalex.org/W4253219862"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206294741","https://openalex.org/W4243362233","https://openalex.org/W2544558942","https://openalex.org/W2121033468","https://openalex.org/W342507201","https://openalex.org/W1976081711","https://openalex.org/W2325436758","https://openalex.org/W3014132605","https://openalex.org/W2112226203","https://openalex.org/W3132083744"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I":[0,7,28,77,84],"would":[1,8,85,196],"certainly":[2],"never":[3],"have":[4,86],"predicted":[5],"that":[6,55,91,188],"become":[9],"the":[10,13,22,42,56,65,81,114,162],"director":[11],"of":[12,16,44,93,174],"National":[14,23],"Institute":[15],"Environmental":[17],"Health":[18],"Sciences":[19],"(NIEHS)":[20],"and":[21,64,74,127,147,165,177,195],"Toxicology":[24],"Program":[25],"(NTP)":[26],"when":[27,184],"was":[29,69,137,192],"a":[30,48,72,151],"Jewish":[31],"girl":[32,49],"growing":[33,172],"up":[34],"in":[35,60,131],"Teaneck,":[36],"New":[37],"Jersey.":[38],"My":[39,95,120,155],"family":[40,144,173],"stressed":[41],"importance":[43],"education.":[45],"Yet":[46],"for":[47,109],"there":[50],"were":[51,59,97],"many":[52],"not-so-subtle":[53],"suggestions":[54],"appropriate":[57],"careers":[58],"teaching":[61],"or":[62],"nursing,":[63],"most":[66],"important":[67],"thing":[68],"to":[70,87,90,116,149],"be":[71],"wife":[73],"mother.":[75],"Well,":[76],"can't":[78],"disagree":[79],"with":[80],"latter,":[82],"although":[83],"add":[88],"grandmother":[89],"list":[92],"achievements.":[94],"parents":[96],"both":[98],"college":[99],"graduates,":[100],"but":[101],"my":[102,134,139,142,158,189],"mom":[103],"only":[104],"taught":[105],"high":[106],"school":[107],"English":[108],"one":[110,178],"year":[111],"before":[112],"leaving":[113],"field":[115],"start":[117],"our":[118,171],"family.":[119],"dad":[121,159],"returned":[122],"from":[123],"World":[124],"War":[125],"II":[126],"joined":[128,141],"his":[129],"brother":[130,191],"accounting.":[132],"After":[133],"first":[135],"sister":[136],"born,":[138],"father":[140],"mother's":[143],"jewelry":[145],"business":[146],"helped":[148,157],"open":[150],"second":[152],"retail":[153],"store.":[154],"mother":[156],"out":[160],"during":[161],"busy":[163],"times\u2014Christmas":[164],"wedding":[166],"season\u2014but":[167],"otherwise":[168],"focused":[169],"on":[170],"three":[175],"girls":[176],"boy.":[179],"This":[180],"became":[181,186],"increasingly":[182],"challenging":[183],"it":[185],"clear":[187],"little":[190],"severely":[193],"retarded":[194],"require":[197],"extra":[198],"care.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}