{"id":"https://openalex.org/W192845847","doi":null,"title":"Using Information Theory and Elementary Cognitive Tasks to Formally Define Executive Functions","display_name":"Using Information Theory and Elementary Cognitive Tasks to Formally Define Executive Functions","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W192845847","mag":"192845847"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dc.uwm.edu:etd-1430","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/425","pdf_url":"https://minds.wisc.edu/bitstreams/b09560b4-a9b4-47ba-bbd8-fc027b72535b/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196567","display_name":"UWM Digital Commons (University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","host_organization_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://minds.wisc.edu/bitstreams/b09560b4-a9b4-47ba-bbd8-fc027b72535b/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001653205","display_name":"Octavio A. Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4413-9605","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4413-9605"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Octavio A. Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Wisconsin Milwaukee"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4413-9605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Wisconsin Milwaukee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001653205"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9458000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9458000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13471","display_name":"Cognitive Functions and Memory","score":0.03229999914765358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14434","display_name":"Historical and Modern Theater Studies","score":0.010099999606609344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executive-function","display_name":"executive function","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-theory","display_name":"information theory","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reaction-time","display_name":"reaction time","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-regulations","display_name":"internal regulations","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-complexity","display_name":"task complexity","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hick-s-law","display_name":"Hick's law","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct-definition","display_name":"construct definition","score":0.7170000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6109316349029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4976785480976105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4783610701560974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4460747539997101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775968953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783092","display_name":"Executive functions","level":3,"score":0.424323707818985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.42318540811538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3966050446033478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26771318912506104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dc.uwm.edu:etd-1430","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/425","pdf_url":"https://minds.wisc.edu/bitstreams/b09560b4-a9b4-47ba-bbd8-fc027b72535b/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196567","display_name":"UWM Digital Commons (University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","host_organization_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.884.154","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.884.154","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dc.uwm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D1430%26context%3Detd","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:minds.wisc.edu:1793/88273","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/88273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401622","display_name":"Minds at UW (University of Wisconsin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","host_organization_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"thesis"},{"id":"mag:192845847","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dc.uwm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1430&context=etd","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dc.uwm.edu:etd-1430","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/425","pdf_url":"https://minds.wisc.edu/bitstreams/b09560b4-a9b4-47ba-bbd8-fc027b72535b/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196567","display_name":"UWM Digital Commons (University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","host_organization_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W192845847.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W192845847.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1103879","https://openalex.org/W30297466","https://openalex.org/W146886250","https://openalex.org/W159888169","https://openalex.org/W612851431","https://openalex.org/W624208750","https://openalex.org/W632807454","https://openalex.org/W1493250243","https://openalex.org/W1503404806","https://openalex.org/W1511223926","https://openalex.org/W1521476494","https://openalex.org/W1529340823","https://openalex.org/W1534022219","https://openalex.org/W1557941956","https://openalex.org/W1630204216","https://openalex.org/W1963793565","https://openalex.org/W1964218847","https://openalex.org/W1973287994","https://openalex.org/W1973875070","https://openalex.org/W1978698874","https://openalex.org/W1981603681","https://openalex.org/W1989920002","https://openalex.org/W1990242729","https://openalex.org/W1991877856","https://openalex.org/W1995132285","https://openalex.org/W2006260143","https://openalex.org/W2009794244","https://openalex.org/W2013683637","https://openalex.org/W2014759754","https://openalex.org/W2025960463","https://openalex.org/W2026801897","https://openalex.org/W2033261051","https://openalex.org/W2039861945","https://openalex.org/W2041404167","https://openalex.org/W2072762935","https://openalex.org/W2073542242","https://openalex.org/W2079995872","https://openalex.org/W2082980447","https://openalex.org/W2090813996","https://openalex.org/W2095588412","https://openalex.org/W2102918908","https://openalex.org/W2102988123","https://openalex.org/W2113142053","https://openalex.org/W2115131779","https://openalex.org/W2120240541","https://openalex.org/W2120357670","https://openalex.org/W2124517301","https://openalex.org/W2126685399","https://openalex.org/W2140422264","https://openalex.org/W2147009898","https://openalex.org/W2153453348","https://openalex.org/W2159759463","https://openalex.org/W2164919225","https://openalex.org/W2169107900","https://openalex.org/W2252383517","https://openalex.org/W2278218978","https://openalex.org/W2291931977","https://openalex.org/W2491346681","https://openalex.org/W2810887452","https://openalex.org/W2909881512","https://openalex.org/W2944269314","https://openalex.org/W2996925917"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W642261277","https://openalex.org/W2508620281","https://openalex.org/W7159663093","https://openalex.org/W2986230046","https://openalex.org/W2802540063","https://openalex.org/W7011282620","https://openalex.org/W7096887358","https://openalex.org/W2239073639","https://openalex.org/W124606050","https://openalex.org/W4386116335"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Executive":[0],"functions":[1],"(EF)":[2],"are":[3,291],"an":[4,60,190],"umbrella":[5],"construct":[6,68],"in":[7,19,145,169,193,207],"neuropsychology":[8],"that":[9,47,160,175,184,286,307],"have":[10],"received":[11],"significant":[12],"attention":[13],"from":[14,111,255,294],"both":[15],"clinicians":[16],"and":[17,30,84,108,125,129,137,143,212,220,228,298],"researchers":[18],"recent":[20],"years.":[21],"Despite":[22],"the":[23,52,67,71,161,177,185,201,210,226,232,265,270,284,287,312,319],"wide":[24],"array":[25],"of":[26,28,32,69,94,106,235,322],"definitions":[27],"EF":[29,107,110,139,186,230,245,250,288,300],"lack":[31],"agreement":[33],"about":[34],"such":[35],"constructs,":[36],"there":[37],"seems":[38],"to":[39,49,54,62,66,90,96,152,248,258,275],"be":[40],"a":[41,85,104,166,204,221,276,303],"commonality":[42],"underlying":[43],"their":[44],"theoretical":[45],"frameworks":[46],"has":[48],"do":[50],"with":[51,217,225],"ability":[53],"internally":[55],"regulate":[56],"one's":[57],"behavior.":[58],"In":[59],"attempt":[61],"overcome":[63],"inherent":[64],"limitations":[65],"EF,":[70],"present":[72],"study":[73],"used":[74],"elementary":[75],"cognitive":[76,113],"tasks":[77,123,135,149,163,187,290],"(ECTs),":[78],"based":[79],"on":[80,209,302],"information":[81],"theory":[82],"(IT)":[83],"reaction":[86],"time":[87],"(RT)":[88],"paradigm,":[89],"establish":[91],"preliminary":[92],"feasibility":[93],"ECTs":[95],"assess":[97],"behavior":[98],"regulated":[99],"by":[100,264,269],"internal":[101,133,259],"rules":[102],"as":[103,171,195],"measurement":[105,305],"distinguish":[109],"non-EF":[112,127,162,214],"abilities.":[114],"Therefore,":[115],"four":[116],"ECTs,":[117],"two":[118,130],"putative":[119,131],"non-executive":[120],"direct":[121,256,295],"response":[122,257,261,296],"(0-":[124],"1-bit":[126,213],"tasks)":[128],"executive":[132],"rule":[134,260],"(1-":[136,247],"2-bit":[138,229,249],"tasks),":[140],"were":[141,150],"developed":[142],"administered":[144],"college":[146],"students.":[147,156],"These":[148,280],"given":[151],"30":[153],"intact":[154],"undergraduate":[155],"It":[157],"was":[158,182,239,262],"hypothesized":[159,183],"would":[164,188],"show":[165,189],"linear":[167,205,278],"increase":[168,192,206,254],"RT":[170,194,208],"task":[172,196],"complexity":[173,197,246],"increases":[174],"follows":[176],"Hick's":[178],"law.":[179],"Additionally,":[180],"it":[181,317],"exponential":[191],"increases.":[198],"Results":[199],"supported":[200],"hypothesis":[202],"showing":[203],"0-":[211],"tasks,":[215,297],"consistent":[216],"past":[218],"literature,":[219],"nonlinear":[222,237,253],"slope":[223],"associated":[224],"1-":[227],"tasks;":[231],"dramatic":[233],"nature":[234],"this":[236],"relationship":[238],"even":[240],"better":[241],"demonstrated":[242,263],"when":[243],"increasing":[244],"tasks).":[251],"This":[252],"increased":[266],"variance":[267],"explained":[268],"quartic":[271],"curve":[272],"fit":[273],"compared":[274],"simple":[277],"fit.":[279],"results":[281],"strongly":[282],"support":[283],"thesis":[285],"bit":[289],"qualitatively":[292],"different":[293],"puts":[299],"assessment":[301],"firm":[304],"basis":[306],"not":[308],"only":[309],"precisely":[310],"defines":[311],"construct,":[313],"but":[314],"also":[315],"measures":[316],"at":[318],"ratio":[320],"level":[321],"quantification.":[323]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}