{"id":"https://openalex.org/W192535210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2014.25","title":"The Ghost in the Attic? The Italian National Innovation System in Historical Perspective, 1861\u20132011","display_name":"The Ghost in the Attic? The Italian National Innovation System in Historical Perspective, 1861\u20132011","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W192535210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2014.25","mag":"192535210"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/eso.2014.25","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2014.25","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2014.25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16035445","display_name":"Enterprise & Society","issn_l":"1467-2227","issn":["1467-2227","1467-2235"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Enterprise & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://repec.deps.unisi.it/quaderni/665.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085585874","display_name":"Alessandro Nuvolari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-4827","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-4827"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ALESSANDRO NUVOLARI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alessandro Nuvolari is Professor of Economic History, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, Pisa, Italy.Contact information: Piazza Martiri della Libert\u00e0 33, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. E-mail:","Institute of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alessandro Nuvolari is Professor of Economic History, Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, Pisa, Italy.Contact information: Piazza Martiri della Libert\u00e0 33, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Economics","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055227256","display_name":"Michelangelo Vasta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8683-8095","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8683-8095"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102064193","display_name":"University of Siena","ror":"https://ror.org/01tevnk56","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MICHELANGELO VASTA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michelangelo Vasta is Professor of Economic History in the Department of Economics and Statistics at the University of Siena. Contact information: Piazza San Francesco 7, I-53100 Siena, Italy. E-mail:","Professor of Economic History in the Department of Economics and Statistics at the University of Siena. Contact information: Piazza San Francesco 7"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michelangelo Vasta is Professor of Economic History in the Department of Economics and Statistics at the University of Siena. Contact information: Piazza San Francesco 7, I-53100 Siena, Italy. E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor of Economic History in the Department of Economics and Statistics at the University of Siena. Contact information: Piazza San Francesco 7","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.7378,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98230143,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"2","first_page":"270","last_page":"290"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14094","display_name":"Italy: Economic History and Contemporary Issues","score":0.7070000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14094","display_name":"Italy: Economic History and Contemporary Issues","score":0.7070000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12722","display_name":"Innovation Policy and R&D","score":0.10849999636411667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.06620000302791595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-innovation-system","display_name":"national innovation system","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-science-and-technology","display_name":"history of science and technology","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modern-economic-growth","display_name":"modern economic growth","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-and-technology-investment","display_name":"science and technology investment","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-wages","display_name":"real wages","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unskilled-labor","display_name":"unskilled labor","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-economic-trends","display_name":"long-term economic trends","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96146094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609057","display_name":"Unification","level":2,"score":0.762995183467865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6917216777801514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5543220043182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778965292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918031","display_name":"National innovation system","level":2,"score":0.4709499776363373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203115093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244490","display_name":"Attic","level":3,"score":0.43595030903816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781395336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2467367","display_name":"Innovation system","level":2,"score":0.43476569652557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.43243271112442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.42499661445617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.41402193903923035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.3698508143424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.3553219139575958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.35148128867149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.34158724546432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2957252562046051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12920129299163818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.10996982455253601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776748203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83180","display_name":"Roof","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":9,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/eso.2014.25","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2014.25","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2014.25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16035445","display_name":"Enterprise & Society","issn_l":"1467-2227","issn":["1467-2227","1467-2235"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Enterprise & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1353/ens.2015.0042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ens.2015.0042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ens.2015.0042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16035445","display_name":"Enterprise & Society","issn_l":"1467-2227","issn":["1467-2227","1467-2235"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Enterprise & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:usi:wpaper:665","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://repec.deps.unisi.it/quaderni/665.pdf","pdf_url":"http://repec.deps.unisi.it/quaderni/665.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/593450","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/593450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:192535210","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/usi/wpaper/665.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306507717","display_name":"Department of Economics University of Siena","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Department of Economics University of Siena","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3125021135","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:usi:wpaper:665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cup:entsoc:v:16:y:2015:i:02:p:270-290_00","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1467222714000251/type/journal_article","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:usiena-air.unisi.it:11365/977038","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11365/977038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196319","display_name":"Use Siena air (University of Siena)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102064193","host_organization_name":"University of Siena","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.iris.sssup.it:11382/504913","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11382/504913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196376","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","host_organization_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:usi:wpaper:665","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://repec.deps.unisi.it/quaderni/665.pdf","pdf_url":"http://repec.deps.unisi.it/quaderni/665.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"score":0.6452000141143799,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W192535210.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W192535210.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1406913","https://openalex.org/W211119880","https://openalex.org/W1507808632","https://openalex.org/W1690903693","https://openalex.org/W1974990122","https://openalex.org/W2030287307","https://openalex.org/W2060081256","https://openalex.org/W2072663623","https://openalex.org/W2079377779","https://openalex.org/W2104695686","https://openalex.org/W2111862238","https://openalex.org/W2132181009","https://openalex.org/W2153107701","https://openalex.org/W2157774440","https://openalex.org/W2161772179","https://openalex.org/W2201296458","https://openalex.org/W2209787227","https://openalex.org/W2288148191","https://openalex.org/W2312666003","https://openalex.org/W2477917232","https://openalex.org/W2489492561","https://openalex.org/W2496113424","https://openalex.org/W3121570965","https://openalex.org/W3122707800","https://openalex.org/W3122941853","https://openalex.org/W4229738978","https://openalex.org/W4244230887","https://openalex.org/W6634782014"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3125021135","https://openalex.org/W2588659261","https://openalex.org/W2014413271","https://openalex.org/W1981743881","https://openalex.org/W1763338656","https://openalex.org/W3124426426","https://openalex.org/W1531663051","https://openalex.org/W2532033548","https://openalex.org/W266074844","https://openalex.org/W215984570","https://openalex.org/W224063948","https://openalex.org/W1965270520","https://openalex.org/W2213970223","https://openalex.org/W3125270415","https://openalex.org/W3141747043","https://openalex.org/W2351842900","https://openalex.org/W109757449","https://openalex.org/W2253164041","https://openalex.org/W2249692300","https://openalex.org/W2281444762"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,53],"paper":[2],"we":[3,23,56],"provide":[4,24],"a":[5,25,34,59,86,91],"survey":[6],"of":[7,12,28,37,40,52,62,66,81,110],"the":[8,13,19,50,63,67,79,107],"long":[9,29],"term":[10,30],"evolution":[11],"Italian":[14,68],"\u201cNational":[15],"innovation":[16,70],"system\u201d":[17],"since":[18],"unification.":[20],".":[21],"First":[22],"broad":[26],"reconstruction":[27],"trends":[31],"by":[32,90],"examining":[33],"wide":[35],"range":[36],"quantitative":[38,54],"indicators":[39],"science":[41,97],"and":[42,98,106],"technological":[43],"activities":[44],"in":[45,96,100],"comparative":[46],"perspective.":[47],"Second,":[48],"on":[49],"basis":[51],"picture,":[55],"put":[57],"forward":[58],"conjectural":[60],"interpretation":[61],"fundamental":[64],"features":[65],"national":[69],"system.":[71],"Our":[72],"conclusion":[73],"is":[74],"that":[75],"Italy":[76],"has":[77],"approached":[78],"process":[80],"Modern":[82],"Economic":[83],"Growth":[84],"following":[85],"peculiar":[87],"path":[88],"characterized":[89],"limited":[92],"commitment":[93],"to":[94],"investments":[95],"technology":[99],"combination":[101],"with":[102],"low":[103],"real":[104],"wages":[105],"intense":[108],"use":[109],"unskilled":[111],"labour.":[112]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}