{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1925342298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00227.x","title":"GANG MEMBERSHIP AS A TURNING POINT IN THE LIFE COURSE*","display_name":"GANG MEMBERSHIP AS A TURNING POINT IN THE LIFE COURSE*","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1925342298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00227.x","mag":"1925342298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00227.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00227.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00227.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67613863","display_name":"Criminology","issn_l":"0011-1384","issn":["0011-1384","1745-9125"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Criminology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063356440","display_name":"Chris Melde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2164-4206","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2164-4206"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"CHRIS MELDE","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113816978","display_name":"Finn\u2010Aage Esbensen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I208333798","display_name":"University of Missouri\u2013St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/037cnag11","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I208333798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"FINN\u2010AAGE ESBENSEN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri, St. Louis"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri, St. Louis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I208333798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3570,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3570},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":63.2137,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":227,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99886316,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"2","first_page":"513","last_page":"552"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12842","display_name":"Youth, Drugs, and Violence","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gang-membership","display_name":"gang membership","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-delinquency","display_name":"juvenile delinquency","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-course","display_name":"life course","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turning-points","display_name":"turning points","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotions","display_name":"emotions","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attitudes","display_name":"attitudes","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routine-activities","display_name":"routine activities","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-control","display_name":"social control","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violent-crime","display_name":"violent crime","score":0.609000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1691868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1811049","display_name":"Life course approach","level":2,"score":0.8455214500427246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71376074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001125","display_name":"Juvenile delinquency","level":2,"score":0.793379545211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018122192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569250","display_name":"Turning point","level":3,"score":0.740937352180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6771113276481628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6044588685035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5634457468986511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4538518190383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.38098564743995667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.14556658267974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.05960237979888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00227.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00227.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00227.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67613863","display_name":"Criminology","issn_l":"0011-1384","issn":["0011-1384","1745-9125"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Criminology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5600000023841858}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17480234","https://openalex.org/W30880540","https://openalex.org/W576057518","https://openalex.org/W604833278","https://openalex.org/W627773405","https://openalex.org/W1022024986","https://openalex.org/W1495509648","https://openalex.org/W1549804395","https://openalex.org/W1555966030","https://openalex.org/W1585084126","https://openalex.org/W1601517327","https://openalex.org/W1784056292","https://openalex.org/W1966574513","https://openalex.org/W1968549628","https://openalex.org/W1971011541","https://openalex.org/W1971636128","https://openalex.org/W1981822199","https://openalex.org/W1989353002","https://openalex.org/W1996796690","https://openalex.org/W1999017454","https://openalex.org/W2006585831","https://openalex.org/W2008515441","https://openalex.org/W2012154334","https://openalex.org/W2016673142","https://openalex.org/W2024114220","https://openalex.org/W2029578289","https://openalex.org/W2038702827","https://openalex.org/W2045449171","https://openalex.org/W2052567024","https://openalex.org/W2061165131","https://openalex.org/W2066152409","https://openalex.org/W2069015912","https://openalex.org/W2071350214","https://openalex.org/W2071963000","https://openalex.org/W2072369045","https://openalex.org/W2097537804","https://openalex.org/W2112624513","https://openalex.org/W2113445296","https://openalex.org/W2118962149","https://openalex.org/W2118987528","https://openalex.org/W2120368673","https://openalex.org/W2120588679","https://openalex.org/W2120618638","https://openalex.org/W2123098813","https://openalex.org/W2124672384","https://openalex.org/W2127874779","https://openalex.org/W2130505000","https://openalex.org/W2131850093","https://openalex.org/W2138752415","https://openalex.org/W2140369756","https://openalex.org/W2149804393","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2150966293","https://openalex.org/W2156092745","https://openalex.org/W2159805452","https://openalex.org/W2162542540","https://openalex.org/W2164755850","https://openalex.org/W2182495886","https://openalex.org/W2332321565","https://openalex.org/W2335841795","https://openalex.org/W2484948129","https://openalex.org/W2488997888","https://openalex.org/W2724462335","https://openalex.org/W2795636872","https://openalex.org/W2796380487","https://openalex.org/W2999137228","https://openalex.org/W3164549185","https://openalex.org/W4211227997","https://openalex.org/W4238696810","https://openalex.org/W4239197550","https://openalex.org/W4240745246","https://openalex.org/W4241637148","https://openalex.org/W4243308692","https://openalex.org/W4250869231","https://openalex.org/W4255428582","https://openalex.org/W4310723700","https://openalex.org/W4389502593"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W171631953","https://openalex.org/W2114413398","https://openalex.org/W4237855519","https://openalex.org/W7221418084","https://openalex.org/W2621398895","https://openalex.org/W1904548610","https://openalex.org/W7097769073","https://openalex.org/W1916693173","https://openalex.org/W2008336247","https://openalex.org/W2156092745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gang\u2010involved":[0],"youth":[1,41],"are":[2],"disproportionately":[3],"involved":[4],"in":[5,37,48,55,87,118],"criminal":[6],"behavior,":[7],"especially":[8],"violence.":[9],"The":[10],"processes":[11],"accounting":[12],"for":[13],"this":[14],"enhanced":[15],"illegal":[16,58],"activity,":[17],"however,":[18,110],"remain":[19],"speculative.":[20],"Employing":[21],"a":[22,34,64,84],"life\u2010course":[23],"perspective,":[24],"we":[25],"propose":[26],"that":[27,75],"gang":[28,79,102],"membership":[29,80,103],"can":[30],"be":[31],"conceptualized":[32],"as":[33],"turning":[35],"point":[36],"the":[38,72,76,99],"lives":[39],"of":[40,67,78,101],"and":[42,51,90,96],"is":[43,81],"thus":[44],"associated":[45,82,113],"with":[46,83,114],"changes":[47,117],"emotions,":[49,88],"attitudes,":[50,89],"routine":[52],"activities,":[53],"which,":[54],"turn,":[56],"increase":[57],"activity.":[59,106],"Using":[60],"prospective":[61],"data":[62],"from":[63,108],"multisite":[65],"sample":[66],"more":[68],"than":[69],"1,400":[70],"youth,":[71],"findings":[73],"suggest":[74],"onset":[77],"substantial":[85],"change":[86],"social":[91],"controls":[92],"conducive":[93],"to":[94],"delinquency":[95],"partially":[97],"mediate":[98],"impact":[100],"on":[104],"delinquent":[105,122],"Desistance":[107],"gangs,":[109],"was":[111],"not":[112],"similar":[115],"systematic":[116],"these":[119],"constructs,":[120],"including":[121],"involvement.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}