{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1923604397","doi":null,"title":"Why Does the Self-Employment Rate Vary Across Countries and Over Time?","display_name":"Why Does the Self-Employment Rate Vary Across Countries and Over Time?","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1923604397","mag":"1923604397"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1923604397","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/cprceprdp/871.htm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047313495","display_name":"Zolt\u00e1n J. \u00c1cs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3599-790X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3599-790X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zolt\u00e1n J. \u00c1cs","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078117070","display_name":"David Bruce Audretsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3815-7762","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3815-7762"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David B. Audretsch","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3815-7762","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057345173","display_name":"David S. Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3940-3344","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3940-3344","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8151-7946","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1674-8489"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David S. Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3940-3344","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":138,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.2583000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.2583000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.1890999972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.12300000339746475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-employment","display_name":"self-employment","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-development","display_name":"economic development","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-variation","display_name":"cross-national variation","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/per-capita-wealth","display_name":"per capita wealth","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"convergence","score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oecd-countries","display_name":"OECD countries","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labour-market-institutions","display_name":"labour market institutions","score":0.4090000092983246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6607202887535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5555093884468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.5451308488845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5178663730621338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4887378215789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778000738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1005490","display_name":"Self-employment","level":3,"score":0.4810778796672821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160050368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132453","display_name":"Developed country","level":3,"score":0.47210875153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.4435359239578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3574374318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.325251966714859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2704851031303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14026620984077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.12944164872169495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.1289873719215393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.10785990953445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10111594200134277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1923604397","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/cprceprdp/871.htm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:hdl:10068/485174","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10068/485174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196900","display_name":"OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1295345811","host_organization_name":"Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295345811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"R - Report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:871","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.cepr.org/active/publications/discussion_papers/dp.php?dpno=871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075646768","https://openalex.org/W1512761368","https://openalex.org/W2127351996","https://openalex.org/W2045255837","https://openalex.org/W1508959464","https://openalex.org/W2909458229","https://openalex.org/W2016998087","https://openalex.org/W2901305592","https://openalex.org/W7111144255","https://openalex.org/W2012734054"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,55,79,102,130,183],"a":[2,36,122],"tremendous":[3],"diversity":[4,54],"in":[5,104,139,147,156,173,203],"the":[6,12,41,49,56,62,65,80,85,110,136,142,148,153,157,164,174,178,204],"level":[7],"and":[8,23,28,34,90,93,115,191,206],"time-series":[9,24],"pattern":[10],"of":[11,38,43,58,124,144],"self-employment":[13,66,89,114,140,158,175,193],"rate":[14,67,159,176],"across":[15],"countries.":[16,162],"After":[17],"documenting":[18],"this":[19,31,44,53,77,99],"fact":[20],"with":[21,70],"cross-section":[22],"data":[25],"on":[26],"industrialized":[27],"lesser-developed":[29],"countries,":[30],"paper":[32,78],"presents":[33],"tests":[35],"series":[37],"hypotheses":[39],"concerning":[40],"sources":[42],"diversity.":[45],"We":[46,106],"show":[47,108],"that":[48,101,109,186,192],"major":[50],"explanation":[51,97],"for":[52,64,98,121,160],"stage":[57],"economic":[59,71,91,116,128],"development.":[60],"While":[61],"tendency":[63],"to":[68,83,94,151],"decline":[69,138,155],"development":[72,92,117,129],"has":[73],"long":[74],"been":[75],"recognized,":[76],"first":[81],"attempt":[82],"estimate":[84],"statistical":[86],"relationship":[87,100,112],"between":[88,113],"test":[95],"an":[96,131],"grounded":[103],"theory.":[105],"also":[107],"negative":[111],"remains":[118],"after":[119],"controlling":[120],"number":[123],"other":[125],"factors.":[126],"Although":[127],"extremely":[132],"powerful":[133],"force":[134],"behind":[135],"secular":[137,154],"rates,":[141],"convergence":[143],"several":[145],"factors":[146,188],"1970s":[149,179],"tended":[150],"stem":[152],"many":[161],"Of":[163],"23":[165],"OECD":[166],"countries":[167],"we":[168],"examined,":[169],"15":[170],"had":[171],"increases":[172,202],"during":[177],"or":[180],"1980s.":[181],"It":[182],"likely,":[184],"however,":[185],"these":[187],"are":[189],"temporary":[190],"will":[194],"continue":[195],"its":[196],"downwards":[197],"trend":[198],"as":[199],"per-capita":[200],"wealth":[201],"developed":[205],"developing":[207],"world.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
