{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1921284129","doi":null,"title":"Human skin equivalent as an alternative to animal testing.","display_name":"Human skin equivalent as an alternative to animal testing.","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1921284129","mag":"1921284129","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20204113","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2831516"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2831516","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2831516","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GMS Krankenhhyg Interdiszip","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2831516","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108082364","display_name":"Heike Mertsching","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100731","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology","ror":"https://ror.org/0131dra29","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100731","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heike Mertsching","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute of Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Department Cell Systems, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute of Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Department Cell Systems, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011613921","display_name":"Michaela Weimer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michaela Weimer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041520500","display_name":"Silke Kersen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silke Kersen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110133864","display_name":"Herwig Brunner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Herwig Brunner","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6657,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80893582,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"Doc11","last_page":"Doc11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12281","display_name":"Animal testing and alternatives","score":0.51419997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12281","display_name":"Animal testing and alternatives","score":0.51419997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11650","display_name":"Skin and Cellular Biology Research","score":0.12880000472068787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11190","display_name":"3D Printing in Biomedical Research","score":0.0803999975323677,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-skin-equivalents","display_name":"human skin equivalents","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternatives-to-animal-testing","display_name":"alternatives to animal testing","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-human-keratinocytes","display_name":"primary human keratinocytes","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dermal-fibroblasts","display_name":"dermal fibroblasts","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-liquid-interface","display_name":"air-liquid interface","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidermal-stratification","display_name":"epidermal stratification","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wound-healing","display_name":"wound healing","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melanoma","display_name":"melanoma","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infection-biology","display_name":"infection biology","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-based-assays","display_name":"cell-based assays","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-development","display_name":"drug development","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permeation-rate","display_name":"permeation rate","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pro-inflammatory-mediators","display_name":"pro-inflammatory mediators","score":0.9660000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777459323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5259911","display_name":"Human skin","level":2,"score":0.6751010417938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7535389","display_name":"Skin equivalent","level":4,"score":0.5913670063018799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207001950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141124","display_name":"In vivo","level":2,"score":0.5410894155502319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780269544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509074","display_name":"Wound healing","level":2,"score":0.522149384021759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776458125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1827343","display_name":"Epidermis (zoology)","level":2,"score":0.42699649930000305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777074287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1473931","display_name":"Keratinocyte","level":3,"score":0.4220300316810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.416698157787323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.3654951751232147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3508719801902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3188106417655945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3026818633079529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.24846580624580383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.137277752161026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.10263186693191528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2831516","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2831516","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GMS Krankenhhyg Interdiszip","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:20204113","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20204113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GMS Krankenhaushygiene interdisziplinar","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oai-gms.dimdi.de:GAdgkh000109","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.egms.de/en/journals/dgkh/2008-3/dgkh000109.shtml","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402251","display_name":"German Medical Science (German Research Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210126796","host_organization_name":"German Heart Research Foundation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126796"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplin\u00e4r;\\n \\n VOL: 3;\\n \\n DOC11\\n /20080311/\\n","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-74059","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-74059.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer IGB","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/215701","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/215701","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2831516","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2831516","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GMS Krankenhhyg Interdiszip","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8560000061988831}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2025576391","https://openalex.org/W2097654801","https://openalex.org/W2150569101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7045512249","https://openalex.org/W1769666049","https://openalex.org/W7207140474","https://openalex.org/W2938671707","https://openalex.org/W3116254813","https://openalex.org/W1500598392","https://openalex.org/W2012197116","https://openalex.org/W622708154","https://openalex.org/W1997491195","https://openalex.org/W1853984337"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"3-D":[1],"skin":[2,13,29,99],"equivalent":[3,30],"can":[4,104,116,128],"be":[5,105,117,129],"viewed":[6],"as":[7,107,166],"physiologically":[8],"comparable":[9],"to":[10,33,75,86,119],"the":[11,35,64,80,120,123,152,157,161,169,194],"natural":[12],"and":[14,37,72,92,125,134,141,202],"therefore":[15],"is":[16,31,46,61,79,179],"a":[17,53,149,181,186],"suitable":[18,182],"alternative":[19,109],"for":[20,110,172,184],"animal":[21],"testing.":[22],"This":[23,44],"highly":[24],"differentiated":[25],"in":[26,111,148,160],"vitro":[27],"human":[28,50,57],"used":[32,106,155],"assess":[34],"efficacy":[36],"mode":[38],"of":[39,41,82,97,122,151,174,189,196],"action":[40],"novel":[42],"agents.":[43],"model":[45,100,183],"generated":[47],"from":[48],"primary":[49],"keratinocytes":[51],"on":[52],"collagen":[54],"substrate":[55],"containing":[56],"dermal":[58],"fibroblasts.":[59],"It":[60,178],"grown":[62],"at":[63,132],"air-liquid":[65],"interface":[66],"which":[67],"allows":[68],"full":[69],"epidermal":[70],"stratification":[71],"epidermal-dermal":[73],"interactions":[74],"occur.":[76],"Future":[77],"emphasis":[78],"establishment":[81],"different":[83],"test":[84,153],"systems":[85],"investigate":[87],"wound":[88],"healing,":[89],"melanoma":[90],"research":[91],"infection":[93],"biology.":[94],"Key":[95],"features":[96],"this":[98,144],"are":[101],"that":[102],"it":[103],"an":[108],"vivo":[112],"studies,":[113],"donor":[114],"tissue":[115],"tailored":[118],"needs":[121],"study":[124],"multiple":[126],"analyses":[127],"carried":[130],"out":[131],"mRNA":[133],"protein":[135],"level.":[136],"Driven":[137],"by":[138,156,168],"both":[139],"ethical":[140],"economical":[142],"incentives,":[143],"has":[145],"already":[146],"resulted":[147],"shift":[150],"strategies":[154],"Pharmaceutical":[158],"Industry":[159],"early":[162],"drug":[163],"development":[164],"process":[165],"reflected":[167],"increased":[170],"demand":[171],"application":[173],"cell":[175,192],"based":[176],"assays.":[177],"also":[180],"testing":[185],"wide":[187],"variety":[188],"endpoints":[190],"including":[191],"viability,":[193],"release":[195],"proinflammatory":[197],"mediators,":[198],"permeation":[199],"rate,":[200],"proliferation":[201],"biochemical":[203],"changes.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}