{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1921152525","doi":null,"title":"Historical archaeology of the Mapungubwe area: Boer, Birwa, Sotho-Tswana and Machete","display_name":"Historical archaeology of the Mapungubwe area: Boer, Birwa, Sotho-Tswana and Machete","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1921152525","mag":"1921152525"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1921152525","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://reference.sabinet.co.za/document/EJC125691","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86708968","display_name":"Southern African humanities","issn_l":"1681-5564","issn":["1681-5564"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dhet","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315355","host_organization_name":"KwaZulu-Natal Museum","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315355"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["KwaZulu-Natal Museum"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Southern African humanities","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090528702","display_name":"Thomas N. Huffman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0974-464X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0974-464X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas N. Huffman","raw_affiliation_strings":["university of the Witwatersrand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"university of the Witwatersrand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090528702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9506,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91801879,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"33","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13256","display_name":"Archaeology and Rock Art Studies","score":0.6406000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13256","display_name":"Archaeology and Rock Art Studies","score":0.6406000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12532","display_name":"Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies","score":0.2061000019311905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14395","display_name":"African history and culture studies","score":0.09220000356435776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mapungubwe","display_name":"Mapungubwe","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boers","display_name":"Boers","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sotho-tswana","display_name":"Sotho-Tswana","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/venda","display_name":"Venda","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chiefdoms","display_name":"chiefdoms","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interethnic-interaction","display_name":"interethnic interaction","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalanga","display_name":"Kalanga","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boer-war","display_name":"Boer War","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diamond-prospecting","display_name":"diamond prospecting","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-landscape","display_name":"social landscape","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/19th-century","display_name":"19th century","score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sotho","display_name":"Sotho","score":0.5920000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205285802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1642488","display_name":"Chiefdom","level":3,"score":0.9916397333145142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779375070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34137","display_name":"Tswana","level":2,"score":0.88929283618927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.5310556888580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.5160905718803406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.4681827127933502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.44161564111709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4054521918296814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2549261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455","display_name":"Ethnology","level":1,"score":0.3663368821144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.33439669013023376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.25968754291534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12016803026199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.07649359107017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1921152525","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://reference.sabinet.co.za/document/EJC125691","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86708968","display_name":"Southern African humanities","issn_l":"1681-5564","issn":["1681-5564"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dhet","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315355","host_organization_name":"KwaZulu-Natal Museum","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315355"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["KwaZulu-Natal Museum"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Southern African humanities","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76187013","https://openalex.org/W132953792","https://openalex.org/W133503227","https://openalex.org/W254366539","https://openalex.org/W411380926","https://openalex.org/W561085557","https://openalex.org/W566610523","https://openalex.org/W582435051","https://openalex.org/W818064936","https://openalex.org/W1528521377","https://openalex.org/W1547968931","https://openalex.org/W1568740277","https://openalex.org/W1571378076","https://openalex.org/W1971793908","https://openalex.org/W1985307591","https://openalex.org/W1986396749","https://openalex.org/W2000397012","https://openalex.org/W2009663085","https://openalex.org/W2016729974","https://openalex.org/W2097898326","https://openalex.org/W2099222332","https://openalex.org/W2114214929","https://openalex.org/W2119697161","https://openalex.org/W2121258790","https://openalex.org/W2133258168","https://openalex.org/W2152801143","https://openalex.org/W2166050181","https://openalex.org/W2283088903","https://openalex.org/W2290454675","https://openalex.org/W2291344578","https://openalex.org/W2301322336","https://openalex.org/W2333124196","https://openalex.org/W2617074757","https://openalex.org/W2796432051","https://openalex.org/W2796764395","https://openalex.org/W2796872868","https://openalex.org/W2802071406","https://openalex.org/W2802397654","https://openalex.org/W3176493907","https://openalex.org/W3198321926"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986396749","https://openalex.org/W4401702706","https://openalex.org/W3192096503","https://openalex.org/W4244287320","https://openalex.org/W2479348004","https://openalex.org/W2246693503","https://openalex.org/W591209178","https://openalex.org/W4297013519","https://openalex.org/W2080522633","https://openalex.org/W2189520137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,68],"the":[1,9,23,40,61,79,84,86,90,95,103,106,112],"Mapungubwe":[2,99],"area,":[3],"nineteenth-century":[4],"Venda":[5],"capitals":[6],"housed":[7],"virtually":[8],"entire":[10],"chiefdom,":[11],"totalling":[12],"only":[13],"some":[14],"350":[15],"people.":[16],"This":[17],"was":[18,60,100],"in":[19,83,102],"marked":[20],"contrast":[21],"to":[22,56,70],"earlier,":[24],"and":[25,46,75,89,111],"related,":[26],"Khami":[27],"period,":[28],"largely":[29],"because":[30],"of":[31,39,81],"different":[32],"climatic":[33],"conditions.":[34],"Although":[35],"sparsely":[36],"populated,":[37],"interaction":[38,72],"Venda-speaking":[41],"Machete":[42,54,96],"chiefdom":[43,107],"with":[44,73],"Birwa":[45,62,74],"Sotho-Tswana":[47],"created":[48],"a":[49,65],"heterogeneous":[50],"social":[51],"landscape.":[52],"Before":[53],"moved":[55],"Leokwe":[57],"Hill,":[58],"Bambandyanalo":[59],"capital":[63],"under":[64],"Kalanga":[66],"chief.":[67],"addition":[69],"ethnic":[71],"Sotho-Tswana,":[76],"internal":[77],"politics,":[78],"purchase":[80],"farms":[82],"1870s,":[85],"Anglo-Boer":[87],"War":[88],"search":[91],"for":[92],"diamonds":[93],"affected":[94],"chiefdom.":[97],"When":[98],"re-discovered":[101],"early":[104],"1930s,":[105],"had":[108],"already":[109],"disintegrated,":[110],"people":[113],"spoke":[114],"Sotho.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-10-10T17:16:08.811792","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
