{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1921023296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001722","title":"Time\u2010lapse imaging of saline\u2010tracer transport in fractured rock using difference\u2010attenuation radar tomography","display_name":"Time\u2010lapse imaging of saline\u2010tracer transport in fractured rock using difference\u2010attenuation radar tomography","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1921023296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001722","mag":"1921023296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2002wr001722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001722","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2002WR001722","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204847658","display_name":"Water Resources Research","issn_l":"0043-1397","issn":["0043-1397","1944-7973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Resources Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2002WR001722","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089301798","display_name":"Frederick D. Day\u2010Lewis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131221577","display_name":"Bucknell University","ror":"https://ror.org/00fc1qt65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131221577"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederick D. Day\u2010Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA","On leave at the Office of Ground Water, Branch of Geophysics; U.S. Geological Survey; Storrs Connecticut USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131221577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"On leave at the Office of Ground Water, Branch of Geophysics; U.S. Geological Survey; Storrs Connecticut USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035840338","display_name":"John W. Lane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286329397","display_name":"United States Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397","https://openalex.org/I1335927249"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John W. Lane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Ground Water, Branch of Geophysics U.S. Geological Survey Storrs Connecticut USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Ground Water, Branch of Geophysics U.S. Geological Survey Storrs Connecticut USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1286329397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000701838","display_name":"Jerry M. Harris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0029-8567","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0029-8567"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry M. Harris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geophysics, Stanford University Stanford California USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geophysics, Stanford University Stanford California USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044643350","display_name":"Steven M. Gorelick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2486-1318","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2486-1318"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven M. Gorelick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Braun Geology Corner Stanford University Stanford California USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Braun Geology Corner Stanford University Stanford California USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.272,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":182,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99066874,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"10","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.7031000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.7031000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.21610000729560852,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.05490000173449516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractured-rock-aquifers","display_name":"fractured aquifers","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preferential-flow-pathways","display_name":"preferential flow paths","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"ground penetrating radar","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-lapse-imaging","display_name":"time-lapse imaging","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquifer-heterogeneity","display_name":"aquifer heterogeneity","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion-algorithm","display_name":"inversion algorithm","score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grafton-county-new-hampshire","display_name":"Grafton County, New Hampshire","score":0.8119999766349792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33556824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179509","display_name":"Hydrogeology","level":2,"score":0.7299224734306335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.7158713340759277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778863792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16909918","display_name":"TRACER","level":2,"score":0.698219358921051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75622301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208791","display_name":"Aquifer","level":3,"score":0.6908090710639954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.6673905253410339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.5868673920631409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5499052405357361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131227075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611028","display_name":"Groundwater flow","level":4,"score":0.5078540444374084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.4536941349506378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.40915992856025696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.35575416684150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2405964732170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2002wr001722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001722","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2002WR001722","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204847658","display_name":"Water Resources Research","issn_l":"0043-1397","issn":["0043-1397","1944-7973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Resources Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2002wr001722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001722","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2002WR001722","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204847658","display_name":"Water Resources Research","issn_l":"0043-1397","issn":["0043-1397","1944-7973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Resources Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306107","display_name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03tns0030"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1921023296.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1921023296.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W580603250","https://openalex.org/W1550010211","https://openalex.org/W1653357460","https://openalex.org/W1967675896","https://openalex.org/W1970781251","https://openalex.org/W1973334793","https://openalex.org/W1975373052","https://openalex.org/W1978565662","https://openalex.org/W1982142885","https://openalex.org/W1982214775","https://openalex.org/W1985327908","https://openalex.org/W1988041530","https://openalex.org/W1995984681","https://openalex.org/W2002297758","https://openalex.org/W2003361868","https://openalex.org/W2004516714","https://openalex.org/W2019797282","https://openalex.org/W2022418518","https://openalex.org/W2023852903","https://openalex.org/W2028405239","https://openalex.org/W2031172850","https://openalex.org/W2031945933","https://openalex.org/W2035301335","https://openalex.org/W2036159739","https://openalex.org/W2036674435","https://openalex.org/W2038725803","https://openalex.org/W2044412303","https://openalex.org/W2047938848","https://openalex.org/W2051575065","https://openalex.org/W2053461334","https://openalex.org/W2061032538","https://openalex.org/W2061800010","https://openalex.org/W2062958206","https://openalex.org/W2076094691","https://openalex.org/W2079349216","https://openalex.org/W2081222444","https://openalex.org/W2087452412","https://openalex.org/W2096282616","https://openalex.org/W2116170721","https://openalex.org/W2121079476","https://openalex.org/W2124597714","https://openalex.org/W2125692313","https://openalex.org/W2126593387","https://openalex.org/W2128627622","https://openalex.org/W2130716416","https://openalex.org/W2142763905","https://openalex.org/W2142877655","https://openalex.org/W2143777081","https://openalex.org/W2144460865","https://openalex.org/W2146537997","https://openalex.org/W2153726500","https://openalex.org/W2157425580","https://openalex.org/W2164607071","https://openalex.org/W2164846754","https://openalex.org/W2165565875","https://openalex.org/W2170320824","https://openalex.org/W2335236861","https://openalex.org/W3023579240","https://openalex.org/W4238011081","https://openalex.org/W4239159121","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300161764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046249551","https://openalex.org/W3101875328","https://openalex.org/W2047938848","https://openalex.org/W1589615196","https://openalex.org/W2141704611","https://openalex.org/W3005544896","https://openalex.org/W7097630338","https://openalex.org/W3181782837","https://openalex.org/W35129986","https://openalex.org/W2809399131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"characterization":[1],"of":[2,8,34,86,113,121,130,150,162,184,194,208],"fractured\u2010rock":[3],"aquifer":[4,209],"heterogeneity":[5,210],"remains":[6],"one":[7],"the":[9,55,119,151,173,180,206,212],"most":[10],"challenging":[11],"and":[12,37,99,168,182,205],"important":[13],"problems":[14],"in":[15,28,51,64,77,102,172],"groundwater":[16],"hydrology.":[17],"We":[18],"demonstrate":[19],"a":[20,32,111,128,136,185,190],"promising":[21],"strategy":[22],"to":[23,47,142,148],"identify":[24],"preferential":[25,186],"flow":[26,187],"paths":[27],"fractured":[29],"rock":[30],"using":[31],"combination":[33,112],"geophysical":[35],"monitoring":[36],"conventional":[38],"hydrogeologic":[39],"tests.":[40,89],"Cross\u2010well":[41],"difference\u2010attenuation":[42,156],"ground\u2010penetrating":[43],"radar":[44],"was":[45],"used":[46],"monitor":[48],"saline\u2010tracer":[49],"migration":[50],"an":[52,135],"experiment":[53],"at":[54,211],"U.S.":[56],"Geological":[57],"Survey":[58],"Fractured":[59],"Rock":[60],"Hydrology":[61],"Research":[62],"Site":[63],"Grafton":[65],"County,":[66],"New":[67],"Hampshire.":[68],"Radar":[69],"data":[70,96,105,124],"sets":[71],"were":[72],"collected":[73],"every":[74],"10":[75],"min":[76],"three":[78],"adjoining":[79],"planes":[80],"for":[81,95],"5":[82],"hours":[83],"during":[84,104],"each":[85],"12":[87],"tracer":[88,166,169],"An":[90],"innovative":[91],"inversion":[92],"method":[93],"accounts":[94],"acquisition":[97],"times":[98,171],"temporal":[100],"changes":[101,147],"attenuation":[103],"collection.":[106],"The":[107,116,159],"inverse":[108],"algorithm":[109],"minimizes":[110],"two":[114],"functions.":[115],"first":[117],"is":[118,127],"sum":[120],"weighted":[122],"squared":[123],"residuals.":[125],"Second":[126],"measure":[129],"solution":[131],"complexity":[132],"based":[133],"on":[134],"priori":[137],"space\u2010time":[138],"covariance":[139],"function,":[140],"subject":[141],"constraints":[143],"that":[144],"limit":[145],"radar\u2010attenuation":[146],"regions":[149],"tomograms":[152,163],"traversed":[153],"by":[154],"high":[155],"ray":[157],"paths.":[158],"time":[160],"series":[161],"indicate":[164],"relative":[165],"concentrations":[167],"arrival":[170],"image":[174],"planes;":[175],"from":[176],"these":[177],"we":[178],"infer":[179],"presence":[181],"location":[183],"path":[188],"within":[189],"previously":[191],"identified":[192],"zone":[193],"transmissive":[195],"fractures.":[196],"These":[197],"results":[198],"provide":[199],"new":[200],"insights":[201],"into":[202],"solute":[203],"channeling":[204],"nature":[207],"site.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}