{"id":"https://openalex.org/W191847394","doi":null,"title":"Who are the Indian Middle Class? A Mixture Model of Class Membership Based on Durables Ownership1,","display_name":"Who are the Indian Middle Class? A Mixture Model of Class Membership Based on Durables Ownership1,","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W191847394","mag":"191847394"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:191847394","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.indexmeasures.ca/dc2008/papers/SMaitra_middle_class_mixture_model.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109946588","display_name":"Sudeshna Maitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6931-8063","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6931-8063"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sudeshna Maitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["York University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109946588"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9082000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9082000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13894","display_name":"Indian Economic and Social Development","score":0.04129999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.011900000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-class","display_name":"middle class","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-membership","display_name":"class membership","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-consumption","display_name":"household consumption","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-households","display_name":"urban households","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-stratification","display_name":"socioeconomic stratification","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-classification","display_name":"household classification","score":0.3160000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779233565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241588","display_name":"Middle class","level":2,"score":0.7568498253822327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.6512675881385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6258593797683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.6031582355499268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5476698279380798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110888244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187588","display_name":"Social class","level":2,"score":0.4899872839450836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.45194461941719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4450089633464813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42431578040122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.38265880942344666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.20559212565422058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16266018152236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.14641839265823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.10455557703971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07892990112304688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:191847394","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.indexmeasures.ca/dc2008/papers/SMaitra_middle_class_mixture_model.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5676000118255615,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490858860","https://openalex.org/W1554944419","https://openalex.org/W1595863468","https://openalex.org/W1968867571","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2117853077","https://openalex.org/W2891444912","https://openalex.org/W3121133144","https://openalex.org/W3125590775"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2915327239","https://openalex.org/W2416545032","https://openalex.org/W2614445612","https://openalex.org/W7019527270","https://openalex.org/W4398157148","https://openalex.org/W3028454379","https://openalex.org/W6903853669","https://openalex.org/W4413785141","https://openalex.org/W2790764397","https://openalex.org/W7099928386"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,186],"size":[1,51,82],"and":[2,79,87,175,194],"consumption":[3],"habits":[4],"of":[5,21,47,49,52,70,74,83,139,146,152,157],"the":[6,15,19,22,40,50,53,59,63,68,81,84,108,112,130,162,168],"Indian":[7],"middle":[8,23,54,86,132,192],"class":[9,24,55,75,133,174,193],"have":[10,33],"evoked":[11],"considerable":[12],"attention":[13],"in":[14,43,90,134,167,203],"recent":[16],"past.":[17],"Yet":[18],"definition":[20],"has":[25],"been":[26],"nebulous":[27],"at":[28],"best.":[29],"Most":[30],"available":[31],"estimates":[32,48,187],"used":[34],"arbitrary":[35],"income":[36,197],"cutoffs":[37,198],"to":[38,77,171],"identify":[39,78],"classes,":[41,109],"resulting":[42],"a":[44,71,172,189],"wide":[45],"range":[46],"that":[56,114,129,164],"depend":[57],"on":[58,94,177],"researcher\u2019s":[60],"assumptions":[61,104],"about":[62,105,144],"appropriate":[64],"cutoffs.":[65],"I":[66,159],"propose":[67],"use":[69],"mixture":[72],"model":[73],"membership":[76],"estimate":[80,161],"lower,":[85],"upper":[88],"classes":[89],"urban":[91,131,140,191],"India,":[92],"based":[93,176],"their":[95,115],"distinct":[96],"durables":[97,116],"ownership":[98,117,151],"densities.":[99],"There":[100],"are":[101,119],"no":[102],"external":[103],"who":[106],"constitutes":[107,136],"apart":[110],"from":[111],"fact":[113],"patterns":[118],"different.":[120],"Estimates":[121],"using":[122],"NSS":[123],"data":[124],"(55th":[125],"Round,":[126],"1999-00)":[127],"suggest":[128,188],"India":[135],"approximately":[137],"62%":[138],"households":[141],"(which":[142],"implies":[143],"17%":[145],"all":[147],"households)":[148],"with":[149],"mean":[150],"3":[153],"durable":[154],"goods":[155],"(out":[156],"12).":[158],"also":[160],"probability":[163],"each":[165],"household":[166],"sample":[169],"belongs":[170],"particular":[173],"this":[178],"information,":[179],"back":[180],"out":[181],"some":[182],"class-specific":[183],"socioeconomic":[184],"characteristics.":[185],"larger":[190],"lower":[195],"class-defining":[196],"than":[199],"found":[200],"(or":[201],"used)":[202],"previous":[204],"studies.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}