{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1915980967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750910927232","title":"A hard look at hard laddering","display_name":"A hard look at hard laddering","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1915980967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750910927232","mag":"1915980967"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/13522750910927232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750910927232","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750910927232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139289085","display_name":"Qualitative Market Research An International Journal","issn_l":"1352-2752","issn":["1352-2752","1758-7646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011080858","display_name":"Joan M. Phillips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3674-694X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3674-694X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joan M. Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business Administration, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business Administration, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102185817","display_name":"Thomas J. Reynolds","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas J. Reynolds","raw_affiliation_strings":["Strategic Research, Development and Assessment, Wilson, Wyoming, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Strategic Research, Development and Assessment, Wilson, Wyoming, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0945,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":111,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95439457,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"83","last_page":"99"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13777","display_name":"Cognitive and psychological constructs research","score":0.576200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13777","display_name":"Cognitive and psychological constructs research","score":0.576200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12926","display_name":"Business Strategies and Management Research","score":0.11320000141859055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.09080000221729279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/means-end-chain-theory","display_name":"means-end chain","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methodological-assumptions","display_name":"methodological assumptions","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-coding","display_name":"content coding","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-motives","display_name":"consumer motivation","score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing-research-methodology","display_name":"marketing research methodology","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775976724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4271252","display_name":"Laddering","level":2,"score":0.9956356287002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6275355815887451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47221997380256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4294375479221344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914681","display_name":"Originality","level":3,"score":0.4233250916004181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3873433470726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37454402446746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.33062294125556946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3198157548904419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.27056077122688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.21638551354408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1686725914478302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11351928114891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.09143921732902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.06999176740646362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/13522750910927232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750910927232","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750910927232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139289085","display_name":"Qualitative Market Research An International Journal","issn_l":"1352-2752","issn":["1352-2752","1758-7646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W251743883","https://openalex.org/W1527532085","https://openalex.org/W1531443403","https://openalex.org/W1771557598","https://openalex.org/W1970678384","https://openalex.org/W1980187546","https://openalex.org/W1984695681","https://openalex.org/W1986551946","https://openalex.org/W1994621879","https://openalex.org/W1999319803","https://openalex.org/W1999468261","https://openalex.org/W2000270384","https://openalex.org/W2037332778","https://openalex.org/W2040622755","https://openalex.org/W2044593836","https://openalex.org/W2045528710","https://openalex.org/W2055709385","https://openalex.org/W2062468784","https://openalex.org/W2062894450","https://openalex.org/W2075279764","https://openalex.org/W2087242274","https://openalex.org/W2097149951","https://openalex.org/W2099117300","https://openalex.org/W2111964893","https://openalex.org/W2157520643","https://openalex.org/W2165608663","https://openalex.org/W2462799697","https://openalex.org/W2484302537","https://openalex.org/W2500708992","https://openalex.org/W2523471343","https://openalex.org/W2897155054","https://openalex.org/W2900955283","https://openalex.org/W2966691287","https://openalex.org/W4243216998","https://openalex.org/W4246467418","https://openalex.org/W4253857520","https://openalex.org/W4412084589"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000270384","https://openalex.org/W4205749885","https://openalex.org/W1927210400","https://openalex.org/W7096003300","https://openalex.org/W1551918400","https://openalex.org/W1978229703","https://openalex.org/W3167884028","https://openalex.org/W1517506865","https://openalex.org/W2992522215","https://openalex.org/W157669032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"This":[1,246,263],"paper":[2,140,247,264],"aims":[3],"to":[4,43,65,90,103,108,115,118,150,237,256],"outline":[5],"the":[6,10,45,54,68,72,92,121,124,135,142,147,163,175,185,195,217,221,240,249,253,267,271,282,286],"fundamental":[7,69,160,218,250,283],"assumptions":[8,70,122,161,219,251,284],"regarding":[9,252],"laddering":[11,20,41,73,86,125,145,164,176,199,222,243,254,261,287],"methodology":[12,165,177,223,255,288],"(Reynolds":[13],"and":[14,30,39,51,84,101,107,132,146,197,213,277],"Gutman),":[15],"examine":[16,44,91,109],"how":[17,152,279],"some":[18],"\u201chard\u201d":[19,40,83,196],"approaches":[21,42,200],"meet":[22],"or":[23],"violate":[24],"these":[25],"assumptions,":[26],"provide":[27,257],"a":[28,33,130,234],"review":[29],"comparison":[31],"of":[32,35,48,60,67,71,78,95,120,134,159,162,181,187,207,220,242,274,281,285],"series":[34,59,77],"studies":[36,61],"using":[37,82],"\u201csoft\u201d":[38,85,198],"hierarchical":[46,93,272],"structure":[47,94,236,273],"means\u2010end":[49,96,208,228,275],"theory,":[50],"assess":[52,184],"if":[53],"discrepant":[55],"conclusions":[56,153],"from":[57],"this":[58],"may":[62,289],"be":[63,116,155],"attributed":[64],"violations":[66,119,158,280],"methodology.":[74],"Design/methodology/approach":[75],"A":[76],"published":[79],"empirical":[80],"works":[81],"approaches,":[87],"which":[88,113],"aim":[89],"theory":[97,229,276],"(Gutman),":[98],"are":[99,127,178,210,224],"reviewed":[100],"compared":[102],"integrate":[104],"research":[105,171,209,291],"findings":[106],"discrepancies.":[110],"Discrepant":[111],"conclusions,":[112],"appear":[114],"attributable":[117],"underlying":[123,189],"methodology,":[126],"explored":[128],"through":[129],"reanalysis":[131],"reclassification":[133],"content":[136],"codes.":[137],"Findings":[138],"The":[139],"validates":[141],"case":[143],"for":[144,260],"care":[148],"needed":[149],"gauge":[151],"can":[154],"affected":[156],"when":[157,216],"occur.":[166],"Research":[167],"limitations/implications":[168],"Means\u2010end":[169],"chain":[170],"and,":[172],"more":[173,211],"specifically,":[174],"in":[179,239],"need":[180],"investigations":[182],"that":[183],"importance":[186],"its":[188],"assumptions.":[190],"Additional":[191],"work":[192],"validating":[193],"both":[194],"is":[201],"also":[202,265],"needed.":[203],"Practical":[204],"implications":[205],"Results":[206],"interpretable":[212],"less":[214],"ambiguous":[215],"met.":[225],"In":[226],"practice,":[227],"benefits":[230],"managers":[231],"by":[232],"providing":[233],"useful":[235],"aid":[238],"interpretation":[241],"data.":[244],"Originality/value":[245],"outlines":[248],"methodological":[258],"guidelines":[259],"researchers.":[262],"reviews":[266],"academic":[268],"literature":[269],"examining":[270],"explores":[278],"impact":[290],"findings.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
