{"id":"https://openalex.org/W191500592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/113446.113468","title":"Refinement types for ML","display_name":"Refinement types for ML","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W191500592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/113446.113468","mag":"191500592"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/113446.113468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/113446.113468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/113446.113468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148324379","display_name":"ACM SIGPLAN Notices","issn_l":"0362-1340","issn":["0362-1340","1558-1160"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGPLAN Notices","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/113445.113468","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085436859","display_name":"Tim Freeman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tim Freeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Frank Pfenning","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Pfenning","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085436859"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.069,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":461,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96890584,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"6","first_page":"268","last_page":"277"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refinement-types","display_name":"refinement types","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-interpretation","display_name":"abstract interpretation","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection-types","display_name":"intersection types","score":0.968999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198370458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586459","display_name":"Type inference","level":3,"score":0.8751020431518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7893632650375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.7709637880325317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83852419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2713292","display_name":"Subtyping","level":2,"score":0.7355144023895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7049508094787598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.5319830179214478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.513736367225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4779008626937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138958017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190087","display_name":"Data type","level":2,"score":0.46027255058288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.4522755742073059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4446907639503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93682546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056428","display_name":"Type theory","level":3,"score":0.4411919116973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4263649880886078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.42505908012390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24605447053909302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/113446.113468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/113446.113468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/113446.113468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148324379","display_name":"ACM SIGPLAN Notices","issn_l":"0362-1340","issn":["0362-1340","1558-1160"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGPLAN Notices","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1145/113445.113468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/113445.113468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/113445.113468","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/113445.113468","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393917474","display_name":"ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI)","issn_l":"1531-7102","issn":["1531-7102"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1991 conference on Programming language design and implementation - PLDI '91","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.112.6665","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.112.6665","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rwh/courses/refinements/papers/Freeman94/phd.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.30.695","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.30.695","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/usr0/anon/1994/CMU-CS-94-110.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.40.4010","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.40.4010","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://pecan.srv.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/fp/www/papers/pldi91.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.95.186","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.95.186","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~palsberg/tba/papers/freeman-thesis94.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:ADA278937","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA278937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"DTIC AND NTIS","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"mag:191500592","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a278937.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/113445.113468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/113445.113468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/113445.113468","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/113445.113468","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393917474","display_name":"ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI)","issn_l":"1531-7102","issn":["1531-7102"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1991 conference on Programming language design and implementation - PLDI '91","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337532","display_name":"Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command","ror":"https://ror.org/000ztjy10"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W191500592.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W191500592.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159226319","https://openalex.org/W171682210","https://openalex.org/W1481043689","https://openalex.org/W1510814926","https://openalex.org/W1522271721","https://openalex.org/W1532487911","https://openalex.org/W1534508664","https://openalex.org/W1537698905","https://openalex.org/W1548627669","https://openalex.org/W1562611359","https://openalex.org/W1579672261","https://openalex.org/W1581247796","https://openalex.org/W1589787847","https://openalex.org/W1618545695","https://openalex.org/W1655990431","https://openalex.org/W1703087989","https://openalex.org/W1829244603","https://openalex.org/W1968889995","https://openalex.org/W1974190112","https://openalex.org/W2009464583","https://openalex.org/W2015256273","https://openalex.org/W2020530016","https://openalex.org/W2022300126","https://openalex.org/W2027657506","https://openalex.org/W2045313089","https://openalex.org/W2055065270","https://openalex.org/W2061438988","https://openalex.org/W2069037543","https://openalex.org/W2071095465","https://openalex.org/W2080267935","https://openalex.org/W2086727636","https://openalex.org/W2093107912","https://openalex.org/W2093111544","https://openalex.org/W2103933902","https://openalex.org/W2110135416","https://openalex.org/W2121038016","https://openalex.org/W2123812977","https://openalex.org/W2133472914","https://openalex.org/W2154273644","https://openalex.org/W2154632906","https://openalex.org/W2163976959","https://openalex.org/W2166822586","https://openalex.org/W2168529278","https://openalex.org/W2403892066","https://openalex.org/W2568721247","https://openalex.org/W3037477934","https://openalex.org/W4242698182","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099939009","https://openalex.org/W7096336790","https://openalex.org/W7095475760","https://openalex.org/W7098041551","https://openalex.org/W6983459545","https://openalex.org/W3116058382","https://openalex.org/W7099474760","https://openalex.org/W7098261250","https://openalex.org/W3110987916","https://openalex.org/W7099696303"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"T$'e":[0],"describe":[1],"a":[2],"refinement":[3,67],"of":[4,11,15,20,26,31],"ML's":[5],"type":[6,32,47,57],"system":[7,19,48],"allowing":[8,39],"the":[9,36,55],"specification":[10],"recursively":[12],"defined":[13],"subtypes":[14],"user-defined":[16],"datatypes.The":[17],"resulting":[18],"rejirzemeni":[21],"f,ypes":[22],"preserves":[23],"desirable":[24],"properties":[25],"ML":[27,64],"such":[28],"as":[29],"decidability":[30],"inference,":[33],"while":[34],"at":[35,45],"same":[37],"time":[38],"more":[40],"errors":[41],"to":[42,63,72],"be":[43],"detected":[44],"compile-time.The":[46],"combines":[49],"abstract":[50],"interpretation":[51],"with":[52],"ideas":[53],"from":[54],"intersection":[56],"discipline,":[58],"but":[59],"remains":[60],"closely":[61],"tied":[62],"in":[65,78],"that":[66],"types":[68],"are":[69,75],"given":[70],"only":[71],"programs":[73],"which":[74],"already":[76],"well-typed":[77],"ML.":[79]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}