{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1908852912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/165.2.135","title":"Tattooed Army Soldiers: Examining the Incidence, Behavior, and Risk","display_name":"Tattooed Army Soldiers: Examining the Incidence, Behavior, and Risk","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1908852912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/165.2.135","mag":"1908852912","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10709376"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/milmed/165.2.135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/165.2.135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/165.2.135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207859457","display_name":"Military Medicine","issn_l":"0026-4075","issn":["0026-4075","0096-6827","1930-613X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Military Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056838829","display_name":"Myrna L. Armstrong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4756-8168","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4756-8168"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I926076166","display_name":"Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center","ror":"https://ror.org/033ztpr93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I926076166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myrna L. Armstrong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Nursing, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Nursing, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562","https://openalex.org/I926076166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008838300","display_name":"Kathleen Pace Murphy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I926076166","display_name":"Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center","ror":"https://ror.org/033ztpr93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I926076166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathleen Pace Murphy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Nursing, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Nursing, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562","https://openalex.org/I926076166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017401800","display_name":"Anna Sallee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I926076166","display_name":"Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center","ror":"https://ror.org/033ztpr93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I926076166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Sallee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Nursing, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Nursing, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562","https://openalex.org/I926076166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109936245","display_name":"Mary G. Watson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150913223","display_name":"Texas Woman's University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dyzkj40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150913223"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary G. Watson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Texas Woman's University, 1130 M.D. Anderson Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Texas Woman's University, 1130 M.D. Anderson Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150913223"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4748,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4748},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":101.4592,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99794382,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"165","issue":"2","first_page":"135","last_page":"141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12901","display_name":"Tattoo and Body Piercing Complications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12901","display_name":"Tattoo and Body Piercing Complications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10376","display_name":"Suicide and Self-Harm Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tattooing","display_name":"tattooing","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-personnel","display_name":"military personnel","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/army-soldiers","display_name":"Army soldiers","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-identity","display_name":"self-identity","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-borne-transmission","display_name":"blood-borne transmission","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-education","display_name":"health education","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-prevention","display_name":"primary prevention","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-recruits","display_name":"military recruits","score":0.3240000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6893019676208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544453697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1480945","display_name":"Military medicine","level":2,"score":0.5867876410484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779072820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47064","display_name":"Military personnel","level":2,"score":0.5583603978157043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.520717442035675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4499755799770355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3517454266548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.12973085045814514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.06065124273300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.05824166536331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.047331422567367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000428","descriptor_name":"Alcohol Drinking","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001294","descriptor_name":"Attitude to Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006266","descriptor_name":"Health Education","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007722","descriptor_name":"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008887","descriptor_name":"Military Medicine","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008889","descriptor_name":"Military Personnel","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008889","descriptor_name":"Military Personnel","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011322","descriptor_name":"Primary Prevention","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012649","descriptor_name":"Self Concept","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012944","descriptor_name":"Social Support","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013653","descriptor_name":"Tattooing","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013653","descriptor_name":"Tattooing","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013653","descriptor_name":"Tattooing","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015146","descriptor_name":"Midwestern United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015994","descriptor_name":"Incidence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017053","descriptor_name":"Infection Control","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020380","descriptor_name":"Needs Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/milmed/165.2.135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/165.2.135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/165.2.135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207859457","display_name":"Military Medicine","issn_l":"0026-4075","issn":["0026-4075","0096-6827","1930-613X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Military Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10709376","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10709376","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Military medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9922999739646912}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.44999998807907104}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W171799228","https://openalex.org/W2262755386","https://openalex.org/W2168859505","https://openalex.org/W2312525416","https://openalex.org/W2910687201","https://openalex.org/W2027365740","https://openalex.org/W4324128689","https://openalex.org/W3092655206","https://openalex.org/W4401945471","https://openalex.org/W2064830307"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Primary":[0],"prevention":[1],"is":[2,21],"a":[3,12,49,66,81,118,123],"priority":[4],"for":[5,133,149,158],"medical":[6],"personnel.":[7],"Despite":[8],"societal":[9],"popularity":[10],"and":[11,35,136,165],"long":[13],"association":[14],"of":[15,58,108,121,131,140,168],"the":[16,24,59,100,103,129,137,147,156,163],"military":[17,46,101],"with":[18,68,89,102],"tattooing,":[19,122],"little":[20],"known":[22],"about":[23,51,64],"tattooed":[25],"Army":[26],"soldier,":[27],"which":[28],"hampers":[29],"primary":[30],"health":[31,160],"planning.":[32],"Basic":[33],"recruits":[34],"advanced":[36],"individual":[37],"training":[38],"students":[39],"(N":[40],"=":[41],"1,835)":[42],"at":[43],"one":[44],"mid-western":[45],"installation":[47],"completed":[48],"questionnaire":[50],"any":[52],"tattooing":[53,113],"experiences.":[54],"Almost":[55],"half":[56],"(48%)":[57],"soldiers":[60,97],"were":[61,73,87],"serious/very":[62],"serious":[63],"getting":[65,80],"tattoo,":[67],"31%":[69],"stating":[70],"that":[71],"there":[72],"\"no":[74],"reasons\"":[75],"to":[76,126],"keep":[77],"them":[78],"from":[79],"tattoo.":[82],"More":[83],"than":[84],"one-third":[85],"(36%)":[86],"tattooed,":[88],"22%":[90],"possessing":[91],"three":[92],"or":[93],"more":[94],"tattoos.":[95,104],"Many":[96],"(64%)":[98],"entered":[99],"Limited":[105],"use":[106],"(15%)":[107],"alcohol":[109],"and/or":[110],"drugs":[111],"before":[112],"was":[114],"reported.":[115],"Findings":[116],"included":[117],"high":[119],"incidence":[120],"strong":[124],"determination":[125],"obtain":[127],"tattoos,":[128],"possession":[130],"tattoos":[132],"self-identity":[134],"reasons,":[135],"supportive":[138],"role":[139],"friends.":[141],"Reported":[142],"procedural":[143],"bleeding":[144],"(76%)":[145],"documents":[146],"potential":[148,166],"blood-borne":[150],"disease":[151],"transmission.":[152],"These":[153],"results":[154],"confirm":[155],"need":[157],"targeted":[159],"education":[161],"regarding":[162],"safety":[164],"risks":[167],"tattooing.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}