{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1908468873","doi":null,"title":"Intellectual discourse in the Sokoto Caliphate: the triumvirate's opinions on the issue of ransoming, ca. 1810","display_name":"Intellectual discourse in the Sokoto Caliphate: the triumvirate's opinions on the issue of ransoming, ca. 1810","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1908468873","mag":"1908468873"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:1908468873","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=36358594X","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169569900","display_name":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies","issn_l":"0361-7882","issn":["0361-7882","2326-3016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-2","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315938","host_organization_name":"Boston University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315938"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Boston University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031850568","display_name":"Jennifer Lofkrantz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-7873","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-7873"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Lofkrantz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-7873","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031850568"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1824,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96228752,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"3","first_page":"385","last_page":"401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13019","display_name":"African Studies and Geopolitics","score":0.92330002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13019","display_name":"African Studies and Geopolitics","score":0.92330002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14395","display_name":"African history and culture studies","score":0.04769999906420708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14228","display_name":"Religion and Sociopolitical Dynamics in Nigeria","score":0.013700000010430813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sokoto-caliphate","display_name":"Sokoto Caliphate","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islamic-jurisprudence","display_name":"Islamic jurisprudence","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islamic-political-thought","display_name":"Islamic political thought","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-formation","display_name":"state formation","score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/19th-century-west-africa","display_name":"19th-century West Africa","score":0.5640000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779595473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131401","display_name":"Caliphate","level":3,"score":0.8620822429656982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780430339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861465","display_name":"Brother","level":2,"score":0.683896541595459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6507481932640076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.6334720253944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4771501421928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24667770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34187","display_name":"Religious studies","level":1,"score":0.4505425691604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781233147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3229617","display_name":"Governor","level":2,"score":0.43551746010780334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168702047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482752","display_name":"Sharia","level":3,"score":0.4305571913719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4285883605480194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4230024516582489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780295577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381045","display_name":"Oath","level":2,"score":0.4214437007904053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.39416658878326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3434791564941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.3203828036785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1947031319141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:1908468873","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=36358594X","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S169569900","display_name":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies","issn_l":"0361-7882","issn":["0361-7882","2326-3016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-2","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315938","host_organization_name":"Boston University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315938"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Boston University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of African Historical Studies","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.5473999977111816}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8100000023841858}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011336149","https://openalex.org/W2591756074","https://openalex.org/W2038902546","https://openalex.org/W2772022675","https://openalex.org/W3112434534","https://openalex.org/W2193877881","https://openalex.org/W3111596934","https://openalex.org/W3207885512","https://openalex.org/W3201258859","https://openalex.org/W1937579858","https://openalex.org/W1982042609","https://openalex.org/W757930","https://openalex.org/W2510041342","https://openalex.org/W1983092214","https://openalex.org/W3113089233","https://openalex.org/W2123822162","https://openalex.org/W3113175714","https://openalex.org/W136335489","https://openalex.org/W1598082729","https://openalex.org/W816995288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[234,269,347,421,502,512],"Shehu":[1],"was":[2,9,209,391,396,423,485],"the":[3,10,38,62,80,97,115,143,181,192,200,213,218,252,257,261,296,304,316,321,327,335,361,372,375,382,388,406,413,418,437,440,445,452,495,507,525,532,536,552,565,576,582,590,596,600,606,610,619],"sun":[4],"...":[5],"his":[6,224,430],"younger":[7],"brother":[8,225],"moon":[11],".":[12,13,14],"and":[15,45,103,168,178,184,196,202,229,239,248,254,275,283,301,356,368,379,387,412,415,429,451,465,557,603],"Bello":[16,302],"is":[28],"their":[18,43,69,237,272,278,340,344,369,468,478],"legatee.1Nana":[19],"Asma'u,":[20],"Sonnore":[21],"AbdullahiIntroductionIslamic":[22],"intellectual":[23,246,354,362],"history,":[24],"wrote":[25],"David":[26],"Gutelius,":[27],"frequently":[29,190],"written":[30,81],"as":[31,58,74,131,285,287],"if":[32,132],"intellectuals":[33,367],"were":[34,129,134,152,175,442,514,540],"somehow":[35],"separate":[36],"from":[37,458,521,575],"social":[39],"milieu":[40],"that":[41,114,390,529,549],"shaped":[42],"ideas":[44],"actions.2":[46],"While":[47],"he":[48,56],"made":[49],"this":[50,294],"statement":[51],"specifically":[52],"to":[53,76,142,260,315,339,481,487,499],"address":[54],"what":[55],"sees":[57],"an":[59,613],"underemphasis":[60],"of":[61,79,118,123,140,158,199,212,217,256,263,280,293,306,318,323,329,364,374,381,394,401,408,417,448,462,510,516,543,554,564,578,609,612,618],"role":[63,407],"African":[64,126,172,365],"Muslim":[65,108,127,173,366,402],"scholars":[66,128,174,216,403,464],"played":[67],"in":[68,99,136,153,204,236,343,410,436,474,492,494,506,581],"communities,":[70],"it":[71,122,395],"just":[73],"applicable":[75],"our":[77],"understanding":[78,279],"records":[82],"left":[83,489],"by":[84,107,180,310,398,531],"these":[85],"scholars.":[86],"As":[87,432],"Scott":[88],"Reese":[89],"has":[90],"pointed":[91],"out,":[92],"historians":[93],"have":[94,488],"recently":[95],"changed":[96],"way":[98],"which":[100,205],"they":[101,133,162,206],"view":[102],"examine":[104],"texts":[105],"produced":[106],"intellectuals.3":[109],"It":[110,358],"had":[111],"been":[112],"assumed":[113],"religious":[116,500,558],"nature":[117],"a":[119,137,156,244,265,324,399,433,459,517,570],"text":[120],"deprived":[121],"historical":[124],"value.":[125],"treated":[130],"writing":[135],"vacuum":[138],"instead":[139],"reacting":[141],"circumstances":[144],"around":[145],"them.":[146,187],"Yet,":[147,585],"discussions":[148],"on":[149,288,303,349,425,551],"Islamic":[150,281,377,454],"law":[151],"many":[154],"respects":[155],"form":[157],"total":[159],"discourse":[247,348],"since":[161],"encompassed":[163],"religious,":[164],"legal,":[165,195],"moral,":[166],"economic,":[167],"political":[169,579],"facets.4":[170],"West":[171,449],"concerned":[176,404],"with":[177,334,371,595,599],"influenced":[179],"ideas,":[182],"concerns,":[183],"events":[185],"surrounding":[186],"Their":[188],"writings":[189],"addressed":[191],"ethical,":[193],"political,":[194],"other":[197],"issues":[198],"time":[201,328],"place":[203],"lived.":[207],"This":[208],"particularly":[210],"true":[211],"founding":[214],"governor-":[215],"Sokoto":[219,258,311,384],"Caliphate-":[220],"'Uthm\u00e2n":[221,426],"b.":[222,227,427],"Fudi,":[223,228],"'Abdullah!":[226],"'Uthman's":[230],"son,":[231],"Muhammad":[232],"Bello.":[233],"differences":[235],"advice":[238],"policies":[240],"demonstrate":[241],"not":[242],"only":[243],"lively":[245],"debate":[249],"but":[250,545],"also":[251],"dynamism":[253],"responsiveness":[255],"leadership":[259],"challenges":[262],"governing":[264],"new":[266],"multicultural":[267],"state.":[268],"triumvirate":[270],"based":[271],"opinions,":[273],"policies,":[274],"disagreements":[276],"upon":[277],"jurisprudence":[282],"precedent":[284],"well":[286],"local":[289],"circumstances.":[290],"One":[291],"example":[292],"divergent":[297],"opinion":[298],"between":[299],"'Abdullahi":[300,604],"ransoming":[305,350],"war":[307],"prisoners":[308],"held":[309],"forces.":[312],"Ransoming":[313],"refers":[314],"practice":[317],"paying":[319],"for":[320],"release":[322],"captive":[325,337],"at":[326,535],"capture":[330],"or":[331],"soon":[332],"afterwards":[333],"ransomed":[336],"returning":[338],"previous":[341],"status":[342],"own":[345],"society.":[346],"intersects":[351],"policy":[352],"debate,":[353,355],"politics.":[357],"further":[359],"demonstrates":[360],"vibrancy":[363],"interconnectedness":[370],"scholarship":[373],"greater":[376,453],"world.Origins":[378],"Education":[380],"FodiawaThe":[383],"reform":[385],"movement":[386,422],"state":[389],"created":[392],"out":[393],"founded":[397],"group":[400],"about":[405],"Islam":[409],"society":[411],"politics":[414],"economy":[416],"central":[419,438,526,620],"Sudan.":[420,621],"centered":[424],"Fudi":[428],"family.":[431],"scholarly":[434,446,547,615],"family":[435,479,503,617],"Sudan,":[439],"Fodiawa":[441,513],"tied":[443],"into":[444,524],"networks":[447],"Africa":[450],"world.":[455],"They":[456,476],"came":[457],"long":[460],"line":[461],"Fulbe":[463,519,566,616],"teachers.":[466],"Indeed":[467],"name":[469],"Fodiye":[470],"means":[471],"learned":[472],"man":[473],"Fulfulde.":[475],"trace":[477],"roots":[480],"Musa":[482],"Jokollo":[483],"who":[484],"said":[486],"Futa":[490,522],"Toro":[491,523],"Guinea":[493],"fifteenth":[496,533],"century":[497,534],"due":[498],"persecution.":[501],"eventually":[504],"settled":[505],"Hausa":[508,583],"city-state":[509],"Gobir.":[511],"part":[515],"larger":[518],"migration":[520],"Sudan":[527],"region":[528],"began":[530,568],"latest.5":[537],"These":[538],"migrants":[539,567],"composed":[541],"mostly":[542],"cattle-herders":[544],"included":[546],"families":[548],"took":[550],"roles":[553],"teachers,":[555],"preachers,":[556],"counsellors.":[559],"Upon":[560],"reaching":[561],"Hausaland":[562],"most":[563],"living":[569],"rural,":[571],"semi-sedentary":[572],"life":[573],"far":[574],"seats":[577],"power":[580],"cities.":[584],"some":[586],"among":[587],"them,":[588],"including":[589,598],"Fodiawa,":[591],"established":[592],"closer":[593],"connections":[594],"cities":[597],"ruling":[601],"class.'Uthm\u00e2n":[602],"received":[605],"typical":[607],"education":[608],"sons":[611],"eighteenth-century":[614],"\u2026":[622]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-10-10T17:16:08.811792","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}