{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1905207331","doi":null,"title":"The Pencil of Nature","display_name":"The Pencil of Nature","publication_year":1969,"publication_date":"1969-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1905207331","mag":"1905207331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022466750","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&amp;doc_library=BVB01&amp;local_base=BVB01&amp;doc_number=022466750&amp;sequence=000001&amp;line_number=0001&amp;func_code=DB_RECORDS&amp;service_type=MEDIA","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017787931","display_name":"William Henry Fox Talbot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9426-3595","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9426-3595"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William Henry Fox Talbot","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9426-3595","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017787931"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":110,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0876217,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13268","display_name":"Photographic and Visual Arts","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1209","display_name":"Museology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13268","display_name":"Photographic and Visual Arts","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1209","display_name":"Museology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12868","display_name":"Photography and Visual Culture","score":0.01590000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12632","display_name":"Visual Culture and Art Theory","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/william-henry-fox-talbot","display_name":"William Henry Fox Talbot","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-photography","display_name":"history of photography","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photographic-illustration","display_name":"photographic illustration","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-photography","display_name":"early photography","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photographic-prints","display_name":"photographic prints","score":0.4830000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119657128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11633","display_name":"Photography","level":2,"score":0.6568620800971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162462552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134307","display_name":"Portrait","level":2,"score":0.6385003328323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134949993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2068617","display_name":"Pencil (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6036213040351868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.5680426359176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.5462294816970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.49879908561706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.35104942321777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09666478633880615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022466750","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&amp;doc_library=BVB01&amp;local_base=BVB01&amp;doc_number=022466750&amp;sequence=000001&amp;line_number=0001&amp;func_code=DB_RECORDS&amp;service_type=MEDIA","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bibliotheques-specialisees.paris.fr:p::usmarcdef_0000150975","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://bibliotheques-specialisees.paris.fr/ark:/73873/pf0000150975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306468403","display_name":"Da Capo Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"printed monograph"},{"id":"mag:1905207331","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://phlit.org/items/show/5904","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001307735","https://openalex.org/W4285416535","https://openalex.org/W4240228882","https://openalex.org/W2052160198","https://openalex.org/W122283651","https://openalex.org/W1565500562","https://openalex.org/W7051763643","https://openalex.org/W4253084913","https://openalex.org/W1995409283","https://openalex.org/W6960024822"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Originally":[0],"published":[1,147,178],"as":[2,65,180],"a":[3,53,66,131,208,244],"serial":[4,50],"between":[5],"1844":[6],"and":[7,129,138,198,217,254],"1846,":[8],"The":[9,141,222],"Pencil":[10,142,223],"of":[11,72,82,89,96,114,143,174,207,221,224,234,260],"Nature":[12,144],"was":[13,37,51],"the":[14,49,70,80,90,94,103,156,163,175,205,215,232,237,240,258],"first":[15,157,241],"book":[16,84],"to":[17,30,39,69,87,107,158,194,236],"be":[18],"illustrated":[19,187],"entirely":[20],"with":[21],"photographs.":[22],"Early":[23],"enthusiast":[24],"William":[25],"Henry":[26],"Fox":[27,100,181,195],"Talbot":[28,101,182],"hoped":[29],"spur":[31],"public":[32],"interest":[33],"in":[34,93,148,167,204,243,257],"photography":[35,235],"but":[36],"forced":[38],"cease":[40],"publication":[41],"after":[42],"just":[43],"six":[44],"installments.":[45],"In":[46,98],"its":[47],"time,":[48],"not":[52],"commercial":[54],"success;":[55],"however,":[56],"more":[57],"than":[58],"165":[59],"years":[60],"later,":[61],"it":[62,75],"is":[63,85,155,247],"recognized":[64],"major":[67],"contribution":[68],"history":[71,95],"photography.":[73,261],"Indeed,":[74],"has":[76,145],"been":[77,146,160],"said":[78],"that":[79,88],"importance":[81],"this":[83,153],"comparable":[86],"Gutenberg":[91],"Bible":[92],"printing.":[97],"1840":[99],"invented":[102,214],"Calotype":[104],"process--the":[105],"precursor":[106],"film":[108],"cameras--transforming":[109],"everyday":[110],"subjects":[111],"into":[112],"works":[113],"art.":[115],"His":[116],"twenty-four":[117],"resulting":[118],"prints,":[119],"which":[120,228],"include":[121],"architectural":[122],"studies,":[123],"local":[124],"landscapes,":[125],"still":[126],"lifes,":[127],"close-ups,":[128],"even":[130],"carefully":[132],"executed":[133],"portrait,":[134],"remain":[135],"strikingly":[136],"modern":[137],"quietly":[139],"beautiful.":[140],"several":[149],"different":[150],"incarnations,":[151],"yet":[152],"edition":[154],"have":[159],"reproduced":[161],"from":[162],"original":[164,176],"plates":[165],"held":[166],"England's":[168],"National":[169],"Media":[170],"Museum,":[171],"each":[172],"page":[173],"work":[177],"here":[179],"had":[183],"intended.":[184],"A":[185],"44-page":[186],"introduction":[188],"by":[189,227],"Colin":[190],"Harding":[191],"gives":[192],"shape":[193],"Talbot's":[196],"life":[197],"times,":[199],"how":[200,212,218],"he":[201,213,219,229],"became":[202],"interested":[203,256],"notion":[206],"photogenic":[209],"drawing":[210],"process,":[211],"Calotype,":[216],"conceived":[220],"Nature--the":[225],"means":[226],"could":[230],"show":[231],"art":[233],"world":[238],"for":[239,251],"time":[242],"book.":[245],"This":[246],"an":[248],"essential":[249],"volume":[250],"historians,":[252],"photographers,":[253],"anyone":[255],"development":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
