{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1903547440","doi":null,"title":"The role of race and ethnicity on the effect of graduated driver licensing laws in the United States.","display_name":"The role of race and ethnicity on the effect of graduated driver licensing laws in the United States.","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1903547440","mag":"1903547440","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22105383","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3256832"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2267956","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3256832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3256832","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016900525","display_name":"Eduardo O. Romano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-2550","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-2550"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115156","display_name":"Pacific Institute For Research and Evaluation","ror":"https://ror.org/01jfr3w16","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Romano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Impaired Driving Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 11720 Beltsville Drive, Suite 900, Calverton, Maryland, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Impaired Driving Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 11720 Beltsville Drive, Suite 900, Calverton, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102006791","display_name":"James C. Fell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7193-1908","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7193-1908"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Fell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061095244","display_name":"Robert B. Voas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Voas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5351,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93095076,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":null,"first_page":"51","last_page":"61"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12315","display_name":"Older Adults Driving Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2717","display_name":"Geriatrics and Gerontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11824","display_name":"Injury Epidemiology and Prevention","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graduated-driver-licensing","display_name":"graduated driver licensing","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-drivers","display_name":"young drivers","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-disparities","display_name":"racial and ethnic disparities","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-fatalities","display_name":"traffic fatalities","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drunk-driving","display_name":"drunk driving","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speeding","display_name":"speeding","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-exposure","display_name":"driving exposure","score":0.6029999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.7284152507781982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5413285493850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5341718792915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.48176074028015137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47822803258895874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.47436484694480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.47326138615608215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.45064669847488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.4315491020679474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3785048723220825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3707447648048401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34279388189315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.2390933632850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20653986930847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.18093213438987732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.07357275485992432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.062442123889923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010290","descriptor_name":"Parents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2267956","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3256832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3256832","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3256832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ann Adv Automot Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:22105383","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22105383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:1903547440","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22105383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2267956","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3256832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7390999794006348},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7246000170707703}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6092734848","display_name":"An Evaluation of the Night Restriction and Passenger Limitation Components of Gra","funder_award_id":"5r21hd056344-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6737633666","display_name":"Formation of an Impaired-Driving Center","funder_award_id":"P20AA017831","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzrsm59"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1938718597","https://openalex.org/W2007733168","https://openalex.org/W2022477346","https://openalex.org/W2039867277","https://openalex.org/W2039914299","https://openalex.org/W2081674069","https://openalex.org/W2082525477","https://openalex.org/W2085305663","https://openalex.org/W2111387708","https://openalex.org/W2115654318","https://openalex.org/W2167653028","https://openalex.org/W2580890914"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W646514023","https://openalex.org/W1993953912","https://openalex.org/W1887914168","https://openalex.org/W2094435693","https://openalex.org/W2158072471","https://openalex.org/W1971289309","https://openalex.org/W2091609640","https://openalex.org/W2082152977","https://openalex.org/W567755445","https://openalex.org/W2064589295"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"determine":[2],"if":[3],"graduated":[4],"driver":[5],"licensing":[6],"(GDL)":[7],"law":[8,36,86,189],"effects":[9],"were":[10,29,42,66,70,151,158,195],"the":[11,79,102,242,251,257,265],"same":[12],"for":[13,129,136,177,197,229],"different":[14,112],"racial/ethnic":[15,113,243],"groups":[16],"of":[17,73,78,98,104,111,164,223,241,259],"young":[18,109,141,148,178,198],"drivers.":[19,226],"METHODS:":[20],"The":[21],"Fatality":[22],"Analysis":[23],"Reporting":[24],"System":[25],"(FARS)":[26],"data":[27],"files":[28],"analyzed":[30],"using":[31],"descriptive":[32],"pre-":[33],"and":[34,38,63,76,89,106,139,160,172,185,208,234,253],"post-GDL":[35],"analyses":[37,69],"logistic":[39],"regression.":[40],"Analyses":[41],"conducted":[43],"on":[44,219,261],"8,036":[45],"drivers":[46,110,142,150,180,200,263],"aged":[47],"15":[48],"to":[49,57],"17":[50],"killed":[51],"in":[52,100,120,143,181,238,247,256],"single-vehicle":[53,144],"crashes":[54,122,183,222],"from":[55],"1999":[56,88],"2008.":[58,90],"Whites,":[59],"African-Americans,":[60],"Asians,":[61],"Hispanics,":[62],"Native":[64],"Americans/Others":[65],"examined.":[67],"Two":[68],"conducted:":[71],"one":[72,77],"all":[74],"states,":[75],"23":[80],"states":[81,165],"that":[82,115],"adopted":[83],"a":[84,126,187],"GDL":[85,93,131,156,167,188,193,213,266],"between":[87,170],"RESULTS:":[91],"Although":[92],"laws":[94,132,168,214],"had":[95,215],"varying":[96],"degrees":[97],"success":[99],"reducing":[101],"likelihood":[103],"drinking":[105,239],"driving":[107,248],"among":[108,250],"groups,":[114],"variation":[116],"did":[117],"not":[118,152,211],"occur":[119],"fatal":[121,145,182,221],"where":[123],"speeding":[124],"was":[125,190],"factor,":[127],"except":[128],"Hispanics.":[130],"showed":[133,174],"similar":[134],"reductions":[135,194],"White,":[137],"African-American,":[138],"Asian":[140],"crashes;":[146],"however,":[147],"Hispanic":[149,179],"as":[153,157],"affected":[154],"by":[155,203],"Whites":[159],"African-Americans.":[161],"Our":[162],"analysis":[163],"with":[166],"enacted":[169],"2000":[171],"2007":[173],"no":[175,216],"change":[176],"before":[184],"after":[186],"adopted.":[191],"Overall,":[192],"largest":[196],"White":[199],"(p<.01),":[201],"followed":[202],"African-Americans":[204],"(p<.05),":[205,207],"Asians":[206],"Hispanics":[209],"(p<.10;":[210],"significant).":[212],"apparent":[217],"effect":[218],"speeding-related":[220],"these":[224,230],"novice":[225],"IMPLICATIONS:":[227],"Reasons":[228],"findings":[231],"are":[232],"hypothesized":[233],"discussed:":[235],"(1)":[236],"differences":[237,246,255],"patterns":[240],"groups;":[244,252],"(2)":[245],"exposure":[249],"(3)":[254],"influence":[258],"parents":[260],"youthful":[262],"entering":[264],"phases.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
