{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1901919057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","title":"Contract Farming in Sub\u2010Saharan Africa: A Survey of Approaches, Debates and Issues","display_name":"Contract Farming in Sub\u2010Saharan Africa: A Survey of Approaches, Debates and Issues","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1901919057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","mag":"1901919057"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17004734","display_name":"Journal of Agrarian Change","issn_l":"1471-0358","issn":["1471-0358","1471-0366"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Agrarian Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024789799","display_name":"Carlos Oya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-6377","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-6377"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31575130","display_name":"SOAS University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04vrxay34","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I31575130"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"CARLOS OYA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Development Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square, London WC1H 0XG, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Development Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square, London WC1H 0XG, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31575130"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024789799"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31575130"],"apc_list":{"value":3820,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3820},"apc_paid":{"value":3820,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3820},"fwci":33.3089,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":419,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9952136,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11862","display_name":"Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11862","display_name":"Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11789","display_name":"Land Rights and Reforms","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contract-farming","display_name":"contract farming","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farmers","display_name":"smallholder farmers","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agrarian-change","display_name":"agricultural transformation","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liberalization","display_name":"liberalization","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/globalization","display_name":"globalization","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-conditions","display_name":"market conditions","score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agrarian-political-economy","display_name":"political economy of agriculture","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-agenda","display_name":"research agenda","score":0.3319999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779993469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165669","display_name":"Contract farming","level":3,"score":0.9350326061248779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157140304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396108","display_name":"Agrarian society","level":3,"score":0.7506598234176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.643548309803009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C514928085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206","display_name":"Capitalism","level":3,"score":0.5864536762237549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4625062346458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2119116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181","display_name":"Globalization","level":2,"score":0.4598004221916199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4558795988559723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.44055622816085815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.438126802444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.4287799000740051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58823610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746418","display_name":"Liberalization","level":2,"score":0.4231809973716736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.41805756092071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4097399115562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3294439911842346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3207855820655823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3169823884963989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.29667335748672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15116441249847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11690095067024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17004734","display_name":"Journal of Agrarian Change","issn_l":"1471-0358","issn":["1471-0358","1471-0366"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Agrarian Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soas.ac.uk:12827","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/12827/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400728","display_name":"Center for International and Regional Studies (Georgetown University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","host_organization_name":"Georgetown University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/:450415","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402168","display_name":"SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31575130","host_organization_name":"SOAS University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31575130"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17004734","display_name":"Journal of Agrarian Change","issn_l":"1471-0358","issn":["1471-0358","1471-0366"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Agrarian Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9208999872207642,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"score":0.5263000130653381,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1901919057.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1901919057.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":105,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10163533","https://openalex.org/W47529378","https://openalex.org/W73556527","https://openalex.org/W151681581","https://openalex.org/W180352901","https://openalex.org/W267317135","https://openalex.org/W427984566","https://openalex.org/W561681375","https://openalex.org/W595018881","https://openalex.org/W595471424","https://openalex.org/W605794227","https://openalex.org/W1496198633","https://openalex.org/W1496460661","https://openalex.org/W1517169775","https://openalex.org/W1532963689","https://openalex.org/W1561719255","https://openalex.org/W1569330126","https://openalex.org/W1579663223","https://openalex.org/W1596092555","https://openalex.org/W1799240092","https://openalex.org/W1855238481","https://openalex.org/W1965753079","https://openalex.org/W1969578801","https://openalex.org/W1973594859","https://openalex.org/W1973660808","https://openalex.org/W1976043598","https://openalex.org/W1981519350","https://openalex.org/W1991127838","https://openalex.org/W1996008217","https://openalex.org/W2000969591","https://openalex.org/W2003986545","https://openalex.org/W2004506734","https://openalex.org/W2004536491","https://openalex.org/W2005259788","https://openalex.org/W2013053900","https://openalex.org/W2018602619","https://openalex.org/W2019088744","https://openalex.org/W2020256038","https://openalex.org/W2022001085","https://openalex.org/W2024740442","https://openalex.org/W2026640021","https://openalex.org/W2028527400","https://openalex.org/W2035824354","https://openalex.org/W2037016883","https://openalex.org/W2040871938","https://openalex.org/W2054085315","https://openalex.org/W2055352879","https://openalex.org/W2063960516","https://openalex.org/W2065731927","https://openalex.org/W2066601330","https://openalex.org/W2067106533","https://openalex.org/W2067413316","https://openalex.org/W2068666426","https://openalex.org/W2068918465","https://openalex.org/W2069773164","https://openalex.org/W2073775692","https://openalex.org/W2073837601","https://openalex.org/W2074509250","https://openalex.org/W2079172199","https://openalex.org/W2079630292","https://openalex.org/W2080989123","https://openalex.org/W2084439551","https://openalex.org/W2087940513","https://openalex.org/W2088745533","https://openalex.org/W2090521526","https://openalex.org/W2093735118","https://openalex.org/W2095527339","https://openalex.org/W2095605887","https://openalex.org/W2095969151","https://openalex.org/W2098339164","https://openalex.org/W2099170880","https://openalex.org/W2112453285","https://openalex.org/W2118946550","https://openalex.org/W2126092715","https://openalex.org/W2134627532","https://openalex.org/W2135770279","https://openalex.org/W2137025436","https://openalex.org/W2144476918","https://openalex.org/W2146246657","https://openalex.org/W2148560200","https://openalex.org/W2152322623","https://openalex.org/W2152444058","https://openalex.org/W2154410910","https://openalex.org/W2160750143","https://openalex.org/W2253253678","https://openalex.org/W2336218083","https://openalex.org/W2477767753","https://openalex.org/W2492813173","https://openalex.org/W2588202805","https://openalex.org/W2795914939","https://openalex.org/W2796967817","https://openalex.org/W2798070399","https://openalex.org/W2912512766","https://openalex.org/W3121348644","https://openalex.org/W3122361803","https://openalex.org/W3124912589","https://openalex.org/W3126003223","https://openalex.org/W4234796718","https://openalex.org/W4236348794","https://openalex.org/W4236447408","https://openalex.org/W4253587924","https://openalex.org/W4294631978","https://openalex.org/W4299576293","https://openalex.org/W4319588367","https://openalex.org/W6823602582"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017981799","https://openalex.org/W4200076496","https://openalex.org/W7017843270","https://openalex.org/W2330490845","https://openalex.org/W7207671439","https://openalex.org/W4412267338","https://openalex.org/W2222568080","https://openalex.org/W2564520045","https://openalex.org/W2145850543","https://openalex.org/W3033474763"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,26,52,147],"paper":[1,53,89],"provides":[2],"a":[3,21],"selective":[4],"survey":[5],"of":[6,14,28,39,58,71,94,113,143,149,159,175,192],"the":[7,12,29,35,56,59,68,88,91,107,111,141,157,176,189],"most":[8,174],"significant":[9],"literature":[10,30,60,177],"on":[11,23,178],"rise":[13],"contract":[15,40,72,95,114,160,179],"farming":[16,41,73,96],"in":[17,74,97,135,140,173,185,199],"developing":[18],"countries,":[19],"with":[20,101],"focus":[22],"sub\u2010Saharan":[24],"Africa.":[25],"review":[27,57],"illustrates":[31],"ideological":[32],"debates":[33],"around":[34],"meaning":[36],"and":[37,42,99,121,125,127,130,137,145,153,181,195],"significance":[38,70],"whether":[43],"it":[44,66,83,105,163],"is":[45,84,151],"good":[46],"or":[47],"bad":[48],"for":[49],"small\u2010scale":[50],"farmers.":[51],"then":[54],"divides":[55],"into":[61],"three":[62],"key":[63],"themes.":[64],"First,":[65],"addresses":[67],"quantitative":[69],"Africa,":[75],"which":[76,116,182],"may":[77],"not":[78],"be":[79,171],"as":[80,82],"important":[81,184],"often":[85],"portrayed.":[86],"Second,":[87],"highlights":[90],"substantial":[92,152],"diversity":[93],"Africa":[98],"problems":[100],"excessive":[102],"generalizations.":[103],"Third,":[104],"discusses":[106],"various":[108],"drivers":[109,150],"fuelling":[110],"spread":[112],"farming,":[115,180],"reflect":[117],"new":[118],"production":[119,136],"conditions":[120,139],"existing":[122],"constraints,":[123],"tendencies":[124],"counter\u2010tendencies,":[126],"both":[128],"economic":[129],"political":[131],"responses":[132],"to":[133,170,187,197],"changes":[134],"market":[138],"era":[142],"liberalization":[144],"globalization.":[146],"variety":[148],"defies":[154],"generalizations":[155],"about":[156],"emergence":[158],"farming.":[161],"Finally,":[162],"briefly":[164],"suggests":[165],"research":[166],"questions":[167],"that":[168],"tend":[169],"absent":[172],"are":[183],"order":[186],"understand":[188],"current":[190],"dynamics":[191],"agrarian":[193],"change":[194],"transitions":[196],"capitalism":[198],"African":[200],"countries.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}