{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1900265106","doi":null,"title":"OBJECTIVE VERSUS SUBJECTIVE DISCIPLINE REFERRALS IN A SCHOOL DISTRICT","display_name":"OBJECTIVE VERSUS SUBJECTIVE DISCIPLINE REFERRALS IN A SCHOOL DISTRICT","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1900265106","mag":"1900265106"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarsbank.uoregon.edu:1794/18722","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/1794/18722/1/Balderas_oregon_0171A_11160.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196436","display_name":"Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181233156","host_organization_name":"University of Oregon","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Electronic Thesis or Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048561625","display_name":"Gustavo Balderas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gustavo Balderas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048561625"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14017","display_name":"Legal Issues in Education","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11384","display_name":"Critical Race Theory in Education","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-discipline","display_name":"student discipline","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-suspension","display_name":"school suspension","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disciplinary-referrals","display_name":"discipline referrals","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hispanic-students","display_name":"Hispanic students","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities-in-discipline","display_name":"racial disparities in discipline","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-language-learners","display_name":"English language learners","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-exclusion","display_name":"school exclusion","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-risk","display_name":"relative risk","score":0.3889999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992462468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q398141","display_name":"School district","level":2,"score":0.5559042692184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776054725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18171","display_name":"School discipline","level":2,"score":0.5204322934150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36626607179641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35167235136032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.2868843674659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.22348210215568542}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarsbank.uoregon.edu:1794/18722","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/1794/18722/1/Balderas_oregon_0171A_11160.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196436","display_name":"Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181233156","host_organization_name":"University of Oregon","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Electronic Thesis or Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:1900265106","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/18722/Balderas_oregon_0171A_11160.pdf?sequence=1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396},{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5385000109672546},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.47620001435279846},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22990435","https://openalex.org/W104119614","https://openalex.org/W152226184","https://openalex.org/W199130612","https://openalex.org/W612372977","https://openalex.org/W1554376125","https://openalex.org/W1558391672","https://openalex.org/W1574109151","https://openalex.org/W2019747456","https://openalex.org/W2033679658","https://openalex.org/W2067450052","https://openalex.org/W2075235888","https://openalex.org/W2082657725","https://openalex.org/W2095388528","https://openalex.org/W2107202675","https://openalex.org/W2120003190","https://openalex.org/W2130294274","https://openalex.org/W2134386666","https://openalex.org/W2138165621","https://openalex.org/W2139179708","https://openalex.org/W2145893675","https://openalex.org/W2156703961","https://openalex.org/W2183882010","https://openalex.org/W2186731178","https://openalex.org/W2590207803","https://openalex.org/W2623624978"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3041942737","https://openalex.org/W3193441680","https://openalex.org/W2972953913","https://openalex.org/W3196125798","https://openalex.org/W4226330708","https://openalex.org/W2595718982","https://openalex.org/W7165269756","https://openalex.org/W3331311","https://openalex.org/W3029183482","https://openalex.org/W2625411248"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Seven":[0],"percent":[1],"of":[2,27,39,42,51,62,76,94,102,244,294,319],"all":[3,245],"students":[4,30,96,138,189],"are":[5,322],"excluded":[6],"from":[7,22,45,149,274],"school":[8,17,23,86,92,150,278],"every":[9],"year":[10,87],"across":[11],"the":[12,52,56,74,84,154,256,292,295],"United":[13],"States":[14],"for":[15,29,127,161,242],"violating":[16],"policies":[18],"and":[19,48,110,129,167,200,231,233,263,269,289,329],"procedures.":[20],"Exclusion":[21],"causes":[24],"a":[25,40,49,60,89,98,249],"number":[26],"problems":[28],"such":[31],"as":[32,184,297],"higher":[33],"dropout":[34],"rates,":[35],"grade":[36],"retention,":[37],"more":[38,140,192],"likelihood":[41],"not":[43,117],"graduating":[44],"high":[46],"school,":[47],"widening":[50],"achievement":[53],"gap.":[54],"However,":[55],"literature":[57],"review":[58],"reveals":[59],"lack":[61],"exclusion":[63],"research":[64,71,114,321],"specific":[65],"to":[66,80,142,157,194,212,248,285,315,326],"Hispanic":[67,128,137,188],"students.":[68,131],"Therefore,":[69],"this":[70,275,320],"study":[72,115,276],"investigated":[73],"level":[75],"disciplinary":[77,205,224],"referrals":[78,119,126,144,182,206,225,246,311],"leading":[79,247],"student":[81,99,223,250,302,316],"suspensions":[82,148,210],"during":[83],"2013-2014":[85],"in":[88,147,209,301,324],"southern":[90],"California":[91],"district":[93,279,287],"9223":[95],"with":[97,281,304],"demographic":[100],"composed":[101],"39%":[103],"free-and-reduced":[104],"meals,":[105],"24%":[106],"English":[107,227,238],"language":[108,228,239],"learners,":[109],"36%":[111],"Hispanic.":[112],"The":[113,216],"analyzed":[116],"just":[118],"but":[120],"differences":[121],"between":[122,181],"subjective":[123,163,185,201,308],"versus":[124,186,309],"objective":[125,168,196,310],"White":[130,159,214],"Risk":[132],"ratio":[133],"results":[134],"indicated":[135],"that":[136,145,207,220,254,283,312],"were":[139,190,226,261],"likely":[141,193],"receive":[143,195],"resulted":[146,208],"at":[151],"two-and-one-half":[152],"times":[153],"rate":[155],"compared":[156,211],"their":[158,213],"peers":[160],"both":[162],"(RR":[164,169],"=":[165,170,179,198,203],"2.572)":[166],"2.600)":[171],"referrals.":[172],"While":[173],"there":[174],"was":[175],"no":[176],"difference,":[177],"p":[178],".308,":[180],"labeled":[183],"objective,":[187],"significantly":[191],"(p":[197,202],".017)":[199],".041)":[204],"peers.":[215],"most":[217],"significant":[218],"factors":[219,253],"predicted":[221,258],"overall":[222],"learner":[229],"status":[230,240],"free":[232],"reduced":[234],"meals.":[235],"In":[236],"particular,":[237],"accounted":[241],"60%":[243],"suspension.":[251,317],"Oppositely,":[252],"had":[255],"least":[257],"referral":[259],"infractions":[260],"talented":[262],"gifted":[264],"status,":[265],"parent":[266],"education":[267,271],"level,":[268],"special":[270],"status.":[272],"Results":[273],"provided":[277],"staff":[280],"information":[282],"helped":[284],"revise":[286],"policy":[288],"procedures":[290],"regarding":[291],"use":[293],"suspension":[296],"an":[298],"enforcement":[299],"tool":[300],"discipline,":[303],"particular":[305],"focus":[306],"on":[307],"could":[313],"lead":[314],"Implications":[318],"discussed":[323],"relation":[325],"practice,":[327],"procedures,":[328],"policies.":[330]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}