{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1900248208","doi":null,"title":"Gynecomastia - a difficult diagnostic problem.","display_name":"Gynecomastia - a difficult diagnostic problem.","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1900248208","mag":"1900248208","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21528484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:21528484","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21528484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Endokrynologia Polska","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069131679","display_name":"Marek Derkacz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121032520","display_name":"Medical University of Lublin","ror":"https://ror.org/016f61126","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121032520"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marek Derkacz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Endocrinology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland. marekderkacz@interia.pl"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endocrinology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland. marekderkacz@interia.pl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121032520"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037550467","display_name":"Iwona Chmiel-Perzy\u0144ska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2870-1901","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2870-1901"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iwona Chmiel-Perzy\u0144ska","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035343793","display_name":"Andrzej Marcin Nowakowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5997-7516","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5997-7516"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrzej Nowakowski","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8108,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72979223,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"2","first_page":"190","last_page":"202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13097","display_name":"Male Breast Health Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13097","display_name":"Male Breast Health Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11134","display_name":"Breast Lesions and Carcinomas","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10756","display_name":"Estrogen and related hormone effects","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1310","display_name":"Endocrinology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gynecomastia","display_name":"gynecomastia","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/male-breast-enlargement","display_name":"male breast enlargement","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oestrogen-receptor","display_name":"oestrogen receptor","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/androgen-receptor","display_name":"androgen receptor","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prolactin","display_name":"prolactin","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroxine","display_name":"thyroxine","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cortisol","display_name":"cortisol","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-chorionic-gonadotropin","display_name":"human chorionic gonadotropin","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leptin","display_name":"leptin","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luteinizing-hormone","display_name":"luteinizing hormone","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idiopathic-gynecomastia","display_name":"idiopathic gynecomastia","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-ultrasound","display_name":"breast ultrasound","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mammography","display_name":"mammography","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histopathology","display_name":"histopathology","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnosis","display_name":"diagnosis","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-life","display_name":"quality of life","score":0.7739999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777691561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339221","display_name":"Gynecomastia","level":2,"score":0.9951257705688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7138215899467468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779064019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66590068","display_name":"Prolactin","level":3,"score":0.572931170463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.5315672755241394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5196853280067444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207886595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1456138","display_name":"Pathological","level":2,"score":0.4570288062095642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779279991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6058681","display_name":"Testosterone (patch)","level":2,"score":0.4130752384662628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71315377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364","display_name":"Hormone","level":2,"score":0.38813167810440063}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000728","descriptor_name":"Androgens","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003937","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Differential","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004967","descriptor_name":"Estrogens","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006177","descriptor_name":"Gynecomastia","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006177","descriptor_name":"Gynecomastia","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006177","descriptor_name":"Gynecomastia","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:21528484","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21528484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Endokrynologia Polska","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2183607036","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.viamedica.pl/endokrynologia_polska/article/viewFile/25294/20123","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9476000070571899}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":142,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8175496","https://openalex.org/W28156268","https://openalex.org/W37516593","https://openalex.org/W44566214","https://openalex.org/W47666574","https://openalex.org/W111921280","https://openalex.org/W118474942","https://openalex.org/W131809887","https://openalex.org/W161427063","https://openalex.org/W197111918","https://openalex.org/W256791936","https://openalex.org/W1464194887","https://openalex.org/W1482488649","https://openalex.org/W1677400818","https://openalex.org/W1955603891","https://openalex.org/W1967117526","https://openalex.org/W1971416449","https://openalex.org/W1973990059","https://openalex.org/W1975638465","https://openalex.org/W1976221839","https://openalex.org/W1979747241","https://openalex.org/W1981438644","https://openalex.org/W1983146727","https://openalex.org/W1984343758","https://openalex.org/W1988296914","https://openalex.org/W1988833417","https://openalex.org/W1989397058","https://openalex.org/W1990992029","https://openalex.org/W1992093777","https://openalex.org/W1994827576","https://openalex.org/W1994982991","https://openalex.org/W1995228054","https://openalex.org/W1996235095","https://openalex.org/W1997431160","https://openalex.org/W1999205170","https://openalex.org/W1999871106","https://openalex.org/W2002210651","https://openalex.org/W2002947675","https://openalex.org/W2005060568","https://openalex.org/W2005814885","https://openalex.org/W2005961259","https://openalex.org/W2006418143","https://openalex.org/W2006825642","https://openalex.org/W2010867523","https://openalex.org/W2012075147","https://openalex.org/W2012736873","https://openalex.org/W2019326265","https://openalex.org/W2019887249","https://openalex.org/W2020759797","https://openalex.org/W2023676722","https://openalex.org/W2026897232","https://openalex.org/W2028011548","https://openalex.org/W2029611462","https://openalex.org/W2033814433","https://openalex.org/W2035338043","https://openalex.org/W2039529043","https://openalex.org/W2040269513","https://openalex.org/W2041187030","https://openalex.org/W2041203600","https://openalex.org/W2043036308","https://openalex.org/W2045113147","https://openalex.org/W2047578293","https://openalex.org/W2047728633","https://openalex.org/W2048639583","https://openalex.org/W2048901313","https://openalex.org/W2050988150","https://openalex.org/W2051517353","https://openalex.org/W2053372545","https://openalex.org/W2053670125","https://openalex.org/W2055395503","https://openalex.org/W2059610003","https://openalex.org/W2061763976","https://openalex.org/W2064802297","https://openalex.org/W2075354668","https://openalex.org/W2076731360","https://openalex.org/W2077833546","https://openalex.org/W2081975982","https://openalex.org/W2083118622","https://openalex.org/W2083825216","https://openalex.org/W2084474375","https://openalex.org/W2085310156","https://openalex.org/W2090015749","https://openalex.org/W2091095102","https://openalex.org/W2092317855","https://openalex.org/W2093667975","https://openalex.org/W2094889504","https://openalex.org/W2095539723","https://openalex.org/W2103570588","https://openalex.org/W2105197094","https://openalex.org/W2105966635","https://openalex.org/W2110115324","https://openalex.org/W2110973205","https://openalex.org/W2120190263","https://openalex.org/W2122417124","https://openalex.org/W2124659104","https://openalex.org/W2126657736","https://openalex.org/W2129159234","https://openalex.org/W2129769322","https://openalex.org/W2133663367","https://openalex.org/W2133700049","https://openalex.org/W2134255549","https://openalex.org/W2136616932","https://openalex.org/W2138838458","https://openalex.org/W2139384526","https://openalex.org/W2139721633","https://openalex.org/W2142147579","https://openalex.org/W2155754304","https://openalex.org/W2155988875","https://openalex.org/W2157456794","https://openalex.org/W2159444035","https://openalex.org/W2161896207","https://openalex.org/W2163861529","https://openalex.org/W2164506565","https://openalex.org/W2167992341","https://openalex.org/W2171589158","https://openalex.org/W2171791573","https://openalex.org/W2179589154","https://openalex.org/W2185898172","https://openalex.org/W2251584771","https://openalex.org/W2284771044","https://openalex.org/W2287612923","https://openalex.org/W2316559757","https://openalex.org/W2334726515","https://openalex.org/W2395134885","https://openalex.org/W2395949336","https://openalex.org/W2410242708","https://openalex.org/W2412555897","https://openalex.org/W2413299045","https://openalex.org/W2415997433","https://openalex.org/W2417268872","https://openalex.org/W2417288871","https://openalex.org/W2418091507","https://openalex.org/W2418137534","https://openalex.org/W2418946973","https://openalex.org/W2435030918","https://openalex.org/W2461735650","https://openalex.org/W2462965937","https://openalex.org/W2468858871","https://openalex.org/W2470461665","https://openalex.org/W2482239237","https://openalex.org/W2970424423","https://openalex.org/W3150639782"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2183607036","https://openalex.org/W7038010439","https://openalex.org/W4313346664","https://openalex.org/W4247581437","https://openalex.org/W3045205304","https://openalex.org/W2585479724","https://openalex.org/W1932395791","https://openalex.org/W2345939525","https://openalex.org/W2036269725","https://openalex.org/W7056217395"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gynecomastia":[0,27,63],"is":[1,28,48,64,84,169,197,223],"a":[2,19,65,72,85,201],"benign,":[3],"abnormal,":[4],"growth":[5],"of":[6,21,33,42,56,61,75,77,82,87,97,108,144,153,158,172,177,188,195],"the":[7,31,45,59,98,145,151,170],"male":[8,146],"breast":[9,99,111,147],"gland":[10],"which":[11],"can":[12],"occur":[13],"unilaterally":[14],"or":[15,101,113,174,206],"bilaterally,":[16],"resulting":[17],"from":[18],"proliferation":[20],"glandular,":[22],"fibrous":[23],"and":[24,68,91,117,131,138,164,221],"adipose":[25],"tissue.":[26],"characterised":[29],"by":[30,219],"presence":[32],"soft,":[34],"2-4":[35],"cm":[36],"in":[37,54,110,115,142,150,211,225],"diameter,":[38],"usually":[39,198],"discusshaped":[40],"enlargement":[41],"tissues":[43,112,143],"under":[44],"nipple.":[46],"It":[47],"estimated":[49],"that":[50],"this":[51,180],"pathology":[52],"occurs":[53],"32-65%":[55],"men":[57],"over":[58],"age":[60],"17.":[62],"psychosocial":[66],"problem":[67],"may":[69,120,148],"lead":[70],"to":[71],"perceived":[73],"lowering":[74],"quality":[76],"life.":[78],"The":[79,167,214],"main":[80],"cause":[81,121],"gynecomastia":[83,159,189,196],"loss":[86],"equilibrium":[88],"between":[89],"oestrogens":[90,96,109],"androgens.":[92],"Increased":[93],"sensitivity":[94],"for":[95,133],"gland,":[100],"local":[102],"factors":[103],"(e.g.":[104],"an":[105],"excessive":[106],"synthesis":[107],"changes":[114],"oestrogen":[116],"androgen":[118],"receptors)":[119],"gynecomastia.":[122,154,166],"Also,":[123],"prolactin,":[124],"thyroxine,":[125],"cortisol,":[126],"human":[127,134],"chorionic":[128,135],"gonadotropin,":[129,136],"leptin":[130],"receptors":[132],"prolactin":[137],"luteinizing":[139],"hormone":[140],"localised":[141],"participate":[149],"etiopathogenesis":[152],"Usually":[155],"three":[156],"types":[157],"are":[160,209],"distinguished:":[161],"physiological,":[162],"idiopathic":[163],"pathological":[165],"latter":[168],"consequence":[171],"relative":[173],"absolute":[175],"excess":[176],"oestrogens.":[178],"In":[179],"paper,":[181],"frequent":[182],"as":[183,185],"well":[184],"casuistic":[186],"causes":[187],"will":[190],"be":[191],"described.":[192],"A":[193],"diagnosis":[194],"possible":[199],"after":[200],"palpation":[202],"examination.":[203],"Ultrasonographic,":[204],"mammographic":[205],"histopathological":[207],"examinations":[208],"useful":[210,224],"aiding":[212],"diagnosis.":[213],"five":[215],"degree":[216],"scale":[217],"devised":[218],"Tanner":[220],"Marshall":[222],"estimating":[226],"disease":[227],"progression.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}