{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1899463239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.12.2027","title":"Diagnosis and Monitoring of Hepatic Injury. I. Performance Characteristics of Laboratory Tests","display_name":"Diagnosis and Monitoring of Hepatic Injury. I. Performance Characteristics of Laboratory Tests","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1899463239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.12.2027","mag":"1899463239","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11106349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/clinchem/46.12.2027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.12.2027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.12.2027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139212996","display_name":"Clinical Chemistry","issn_l":"0009-9147","issn":["0009-9147","1530-8561"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320272","host_organization_name":"American Association for Clinical Chemistry","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320272"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for Clinical Chemistry"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110397618","display_name":"D. Robert Dufour","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799886695","display_name":"Veterans Health Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/05eq41471","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154891","display_name":"Washington DC VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/050fz5z96","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210111569","https://openalex.org/I4210154891"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D Robert Dufour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, and Department of Pathology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, and Department of Pathology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210154891"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070192707","display_name":"John A. Lott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-8719","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-8719"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John A Lott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032125586","display_name":"Frederick S. Nolte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4943-9220","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4943-9220"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederick S Nolte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111725797","display_name":"David R. Gretch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David R Gretch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104-2499"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104-2499","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032396948","display_name":"Raymond S. Koff","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166722992","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/0464eyp60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond S Koff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worchester, MA 06155"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worchester, MA 06155","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111883000","display_name":"Leonard B. Seeff","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090567","display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00adh9b73","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210090567"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonard B Seeff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hepatitis C Programs, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, and Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hepatitis C Programs, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, and Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I184565670","https://openalex.org/I4210090567"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110397618"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210154891"],"apc_list":{"value":4636,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4636},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.5658,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":572,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98019324,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"12","first_page":"2027","last_page":"2049"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11314","display_name":"Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control","score":0.5814999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3607","display_name":"Medical Laboratory Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11314","display_name":"Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control","score":0.5814999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3607","display_name":"Medical Laboratory Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10351","display_name":"Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.3458999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11465","display_name":"Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection","score":0.0215000007301569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-injury","display_name":"liver injury","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-function-tests","display_name":"liver function tests","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alanine-aminotransferase","display_name":"alanine aminotransferase","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aminotransferases","display_name":"transaminases","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-glutamyl-transferase","display_name":"gamma-glutamyl transferase","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alkaline-phosphatase","display_name":"alkaline phosphatase","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilirubin","display_name":"bilirubin","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prothrombin-time","display_name":"prothrombin time","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-normalized-ratio","display_name":"international normalized ratio","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-limits","display_name":"reference limits","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-performance-characteristics","display_name":"test performance characteristics","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-liver-disease","display_name":"chronic liver disease","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-standardization","display_name":"laboratory standardization","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-markers","display_name":"viral markers","score":0.3160000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780182762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630279","display_name":"Guideline","level":2,"score":0.742023229598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992872382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q305481","display_name":"Alanine aminotransferase","level":2,"score":0.7091845870018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6874549984931946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780434524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144385","display_name":"Prothrombin time","level":2,"score":0.5194289684295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777513400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104219","display_name":"Bilirubin","level":2,"score":0.4970763027667999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160160445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24769688","display_name":"Alkaline phosphatase","level":3,"score":0.4905039668083191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.48962217569351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776125364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169219","display_name":"Albumin","level":2,"score":0.4724702537059784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.38446834683418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.250105619430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000208","descriptor_name":"Acute Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002908","descriptor_name":"Chronic Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008107","descriptor_name":"Liver Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008107","descriptor_name":"Liver Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008111","descriptor_name":"Liver Function Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011786","descriptor_name":"Quality Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016239","descriptor_name":"MEDLINE","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017410","descriptor_name":"Practice Guidelines as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019411","descriptor_name":"Clinical Laboratory Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/clinchem/46.12.2027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.12.2027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.12.2027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139212996","display_name":"Clinical Chemistry","issn_l":"0009-9147","issn":["0009-9147","1530-8561"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320272","host_organization_name":"American Association for Clinical Chemistry","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320272"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for Clinical Chemistry"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11106349","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11106349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical chemistry","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.493.8789","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.493.8789","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.med.upenn.edu/gastro/documents/ClinicalChem2000_2027-49.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":250,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8058568","https://openalex.org/W16260949","https://openalex.org/W16427941","https://openalex.org/W25390213","https://openalex.org/W52439888","https://openalex.org/W55294593","https://openalex.org/W66558587","https://openalex.org/W68489508","https://openalex.org/W74371005","https://openalex.org/W79519562","https://openalex.org/W89549767","https://openalex.org/W108198928","https://openalex.org/W115707904","https://openalex.org/W138424127","https://openalex.org/W161662235","https://openalex.org/W178412114","https://openalex.org/W189485870","https://openalex.org/W196111044","https://openalex.org/W223629570","https://openalex.org/W387291027","https://openalex.org/W399095677","https://openalex.org/W577525548","https://openalex.org/W585226679","https://openalex.org/W587123651","https://openalex.org/W1254703679","https://openalex.org/W1263518872","https://openalex.org/W1483242733","https://openalex.org/W1524607281","https://openalex.org/W1532190041","https://openalex.org/W1546481665","https://openalex.org/W1562909450","https://openalex.org/W1604379096","https://openalex.org/W1608215573","https://openalex.org/W1642568480","https://openalex.org/W1689494938","https://openalex.org/W1773018458","https://openalex.org/W1815706830","https://openalex.org/W1843814337","https://openalex.org/W1896783766","https://openalex.org/W1897879351","https://openalex.org/W1901549721","https://openalex.org/W1902093043","https://openalex.org/W1906361798","https://openalex.org/W1906991109","https://openalex.org/W1907050532","https://openalex.org/W1914932326","https://openalex.org/W1916570879","https://openalex.org/W1935916613","https://openalex.org/W1956033068","https://openalex.org/W1958889977","https://openalex.org/W1960402898","https://openalex.org/W1964783361","https://openalex.org/W1966954097","https://openalex.org/W1968209994","https://openalex.org/W1971282547","https://openalex.org/W1972598458","https://openalex.org/W1973050866","https://openalex.org/W1976883490","https://openalex.org/W1981368571","https://openalex.org/W1985410296","https://openalex.org/W1985670953","https://openalex.org/W1986034498","https://openalex.org/W1990451901","https://openalex.org/W1991501340","https://openalex.org/W1991852570","https://openalex.org/W1991862930","https://openalex.org/W1993288499","https://openalex.org/W1993974155","https://openalex.org/W1994411934","https://openalex.org/W1995391217","https://openalex.org/W1995581663","https://openalex.org/W1996748187","https://openalex.org/W1997351560","https://openalex.org/W1999061153","https://openalex.org/W2000330843","https://openalex.org/W2002116056","https://openalex.org/W2004476742","https://openalex.org/W2004553657","https://openalex.org/W2004798159","https://openalex.org/W2005959909","https://openalex.org/W2007482332","https://openalex.org/W2010968829","https://openalex.org/W2011748943","https://openalex.org/W2012990554","https://openalex.org/W2014427579","https://openalex.org/W2016727841","https://openalex.org/W2018774166","https://openalex.org/W2018964760","https://openalex.org/W2019008972","https://openalex.org/W2023961862","https://openalex.org/W2025358621","https://openalex.org/W2026938598","https://openalex.org/W2027853774","https://openalex.org/W2032225479","https://openalex.org/W2035340800","https://openalex.org/W2037900565","https://openalex.org/W2038802814","https://openalex.org/W2038972568","https://openalex.org/W2039799635","https://openalex.org/W2041199514","https://openalex.org/W2041436328","https://openalex.org/W2042033311","https://openalex.org/W2042638818","https://openalex.org/W2042673242","https://openalex.org/W2043251422","https://openalex.org/W2043643409","https://openalex.org/W2044614247","https://openalex.org/W2047803389","https://openalex.org/W2048271971","https://openalex.org/W2048862890","https://openalex.org/W2049071463","https://openalex.org/W2050661225","https://openalex.org/W2055262496","https://openalex.org/W2055482190","https://openalex.org/W2057612381","https://openalex.org/W2057719285","https://openalex.org/W2058332434","https://openalex.org/W2059433649","https://openalex.org/W2059956230","https://openalex.org/W2060065833","https://openalex.org/W2060505212","https://openalex.org/W2062549441","https://openalex.org/W2063313528","https://openalex.org/W2064074935","https://openalex.org/W2064551902","https://openalex.org/W2066597748","https://openalex.org/W2066849959","https://openalex.org/W2068815729","https://openalex.org/W2071392582","https://openalex.org/W2071754859","https://openalex.org/W2074004638","https://openalex.org/W2077058718","https://openalex.org/W2079795487","https://openalex.org/W2079971475","https://openalex.org/W2080285703","https://openalex.org/W2081134679","https://openalex.org/W2081979190","https://openalex.org/W2082065768","https://openalex.org/W2083158405","https://openalex.org/W2086961273","https://openalex.org/W2087058456","https://openalex.org/W2087207105","https://openalex.org/W2087924794","https://openalex.org/W2088502650","https://openalex.org/W2091224670","https://openalex.org/W2093248574","https://openalex.org/W2094078711","https://openalex.org/W2095427717","https://openalex.org/W2096959824","https://openalex.org/W2097296715","https://openalex.org/W2100572023","https://openalex.org/W2100617959","https://openalex.org/W2101142036","https://openalex.org/W2102826821","https://openalex.org/W2103571184","https://openalex.org/W2107070343","https://openalex.org/W2107246380","https://openalex.org/W2107709524","https://openalex.org/W2110267763","https://openalex.org/W2111763105","https://openalex.org/W2112729869","https://openalex.org/W2115478428","https://openalex.org/W2115692333","https://openalex.org/W2116028889","https://openalex.org/W2118089700","https://openalex.org/W2119524240","https://openalex.org/W2119950421","https://openalex.org/W2125121837","https://openalex.org/W2125930371","https://openalex.org/W2127870811","https://openalex.org/W2130114099","https://openalex.org/W2133143905","https://openalex.org/W2134052568","https://openalex.org/W2134515767","https://openalex.org/W2134736276","https://openalex.org/W2134971582","https://openalex.org/W2135494259","https://openalex.org/W2136490205","https://openalex.org/W2137520600","https://openalex.org/W2137880935","https://openalex.org/W2138329255","https://openalex.org/W2141560659","https://openalex.org/W2142331199","https://openalex.org/W2144414775","https://openalex.org/W2146542517","https://openalex.org/W2149084208","https://openalex.org/W2149777168","https://openalex.org/W2149956211","https://openalex.org/W2156036897","https://openalex.org/W2158619791","https://openalex.org/W2159591197","https://openalex.org/W2159713117","https://openalex.org/W2159953764","https://openalex.org/W2160051020","https://openalex.org/W2160332778","https://openalex.org/W2162291686","https://openalex.org/W2164028234","https://openalex.org/W2164285933","https://openalex.org/W2166550598","https://openalex.org/W2168724595","https://openalex.org/W2169835105","https://openalex.org/W2171765927","https://openalex.org/W2213538010","https://openalex.org/W2225570631","https://openalex.org/W2236023116","https://openalex.org/W2254947548","https://openalex.org/W2260863622","https://openalex.org/W2276363025","https://openalex.org/W2285463122","https://openalex.org/W2307097242","https://openalex.org/W2312678955","https://openalex.org/W2314619766","https://openalex.org/W2315040777","https://openalex.org/W2315411600","https://openalex.org/W2315619302","https://openalex.org/W2321119966","https://openalex.org/W2322536880","https://openalex.org/W2323513324","https://openalex.org/W2326186696","https://openalex.org/W2328249006","https://openalex.org/W2330134488","https://openalex.org/W2336560803","https://openalex.org/W2336779339","https://openalex.org/W2394584090","https://openalex.org/W2398208235","https://openalex.org/W2401182012","https://openalex.org/W2405513845","https://openalex.org/W2405583922","https://openalex.org/W2408198093","https://openalex.org/W2408925172","https://openalex.org/W2409592022","https://openalex.org/W2412943905","https://openalex.org/W2414249522","https://openalex.org/W2422727009","https://openalex.org/W2439946179","https://openalex.org/W2468452651","https://openalex.org/W2468650072","https://openalex.org/W2472432268","https://openalex.org/W2490836491","https://openalex.org/W2940367682","https://openalex.org/W4205228838","https://openalex.org/W4211155474","https://openalex.org/W4232270597","https://openalex.org/W4235115087","https://openalex.org/W4241489351","https://openalex.org/W4250860438","https://openalex.org/W4255223509","https://openalex.org/W4300424288","https://openalex.org/W4300820655","https://openalex.org/W4302376545"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115692333","https://openalex.org/W7096199588","https://openalex.org/W2484530007","https://openalex.org/W46103319","https://openalex.org/W4386701126","https://openalex.org/W7135051605","https://openalex.org/W2163812948","https://openalex.org/W2484481405","https://openalex.org/W2995660294","https://openalex.org/W2932052347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"To":[1],"review":[2,102],"information":[3],"on":[4,81,113],"performance":[5,56],"characteristics":[6],"for":[7,30,62,105,120,141,179,191,218,226,244,271,278],"tests":[8,59],"that":[9,262],"are":[10,161,169],"commonly":[11],"used":[12],"to":[13,34,201,257],"identify":[14],"acute":[15,182],"and":[16,47,53,73,92,118,124,147,152,183,222,229,275],"chronic":[17,184,209],"hepatic":[18,35,185,210],"injury.":[19,186,211],"DATA":[20],"SOURCES":[21],"AND":[22],"STUDY":[23],"SELECTION:":[24],"A":[25],"MEDLINE":[26],"search":[27],"was":[28],"performed":[29],"key":[31],"words":[32],"related":[33],"tests,":[36],"including":[37],"quality":[38],"specifications,":[39],"aminotransferases,":[40,227],"alkaline":[41],"phosphatase,":[42],"gamma-glutamyltransferase,":[43,228],"bilirubin,":[44],"albumin,":[45],"ammonia,":[46],"viral":[48,281],"markers.":[49],"Abstracts":[50],"were":[51,60,66,79,103,110,129],"reviewed,":[52],"articles":[54,65],"discussing":[55],"of":[57,76,115,122,137,144,181,194,247],"laboratory":[58],"selected":[61,67],"review.":[63],"Additional":[64],"from":[68],"the":[69,77,82,86,133,138,142,150,153,164,175,197,241,259],"references.":[70],"Guideline":[71],"Preparation":[72],"Review:":[74],"Drafts":[75],"guidelines":[78],"posted":[80],"Internet,":[83],"presented":[84],"at":[85,196],"AACC":[87],"Annual":[88],"Meeting":[89],"in":[90,163,205,220,232,250],"1999,":[91],"reviewed":[93,131],"by":[94,132,149],"experts.":[95],"Areas":[96],"requiring":[97],"further":[98,106],"amplification":[99],"or":[100],"literature":[101],"identified":[104],"analysis.":[107],"Specific":[108],"recommendations":[109,160,168],"made":[111,162],"based":[112],"analysis":[114],"published":[116],"data":[117],"evaluated":[119],"strength":[121],"evidence":[123],"clinical":[125,203],"impact.":[126],"The":[127,234],"drafts":[128],"also":[130],"Practice":[134],"Guidelines":[135],"Committee":[136],"American":[139],"Association":[140],"Study":[143],"Liver":[145],"Diseases":[146],"approved":[148],"committee":[151],"Association's":[154],"Council.":[155],"RECOMMENDATIONS:":[156],"Although":[157],"many":[158],"specific":[159],"guidelines,":[165],"some":[166],"summary":[167],"discussed":[170],"here.":[171],"Alanine":[172],"aminotransferase":[173,273],"is":[174,255,269],"most":[176],"important":[177],"test":[178],"recognition":[180],"Performance":[187],"goals":[188],"should":[189,213,238],"aim":[190],"total":[192,230],"error":[193],"<10%":[195],"upper":[198],"reference":[199,216,224],"limit":[200],"meet":[202],"needs":[204],"monitoring":[206],"patients":[207],"with":[208,265],"Laboratories":[212],"have":[214],"age-adjusted":[215],"limits":[217,225],"enzymes":[219],"children,":[221],"gender-adjusted":[223],"bilirubin":[231],"adults.":[233],"international":[235],"normalized":[236],"ratio":[237],"not":[239],"be":[240],"sole":[242],"method":[243],"reporting":[245,260],"results":[246],"prothrombin":[248],"time":[249],"liver":[251],"disease;":[252],"additional":[253],"research":[254],"needed":[256,270],"determine":[258],"mechanism":[261],"best":[263],"correlates":[264],"functional":[266],"impairment.":[267],"Harmonization":[268],"alanine":[272],"activity,":[274],"improved":[276],"standardization":[277],"hepatitis":[279],"C":[280],"RNA":[282],"measurements.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}