{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1895427992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01724.x","title":"Nonmetric Sex Determination from the Distal and Posterior Humerus in Black and White South Africans","display_name":"Nonmetric Sex Determination from the Distal and Posterior Humerus in Black and White South Africans","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1895427992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01724.x","mag":"1895427992","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21392000"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01724.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01724.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01724.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62072220","display_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","issn_l":"0022-1198","issn":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063009924","display_name":"V.L. Vance","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Veronica L. Vance","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forensic Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. nici.vance@state.or.us","Forensic Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","Oregon State Police Forensic Services Division/Portland Metro Laboratory, 13309 SE 84th Avenue Suite 200, Clackamas, OR 97015"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forensic Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. nici.vance@state.or.us","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forensic Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State Police Forensic Services Division/Portland Metro Laboratory, 13309 SE 84th Avenue Suite 200, Clackamas, OR 97015","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058955916","display_name":"Maryna Steyn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0215-9723","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0215-9723"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryna Steyn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forensic Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forensic Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048190190","display_name":"Ericka Noelle L\u2019Abb\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-8814","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-8814"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ericka N. L\u2019Abb\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forensic Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forensic Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063009924"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"],"apc_list":{"value":4330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4330},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.97,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94274809,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"3","first_page":"710","last_page":"714"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10751","display_name":"Forensic and Genetic Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-determination","display_name":"sex determination","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distal-humerus","display_name":"distal humerus","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-metric-traits","display_name":"non-metric traits","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skeletal-identification","display_name":"skeletal identification","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forensic-osteology","display_name":"forensic osteology","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-differences","display_name":"racial differences","score":0.5199999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776206872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162595","display_name":"Humerus","level":2,"score":0.6378980278968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5567382574081421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.5368218421936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992814624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817393","display_name":"Black male","level":2,"score":0.5266135931015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.36153846979141235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2338578999042511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.2334844172000885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006811","descriptor_name":"Humerus","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013019","descriptor_name":"South Africa","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018732","descriptor_name":"Forensic Anthropology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044383","descriptor_name":"Black People","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D044465","descriptor_name":"White People","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054881","descriptor_name":"Sex Determination by Skeleton","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01724.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01724.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01724.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62072220","display_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","issn_l":"0022-1198","issn":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21392000","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21392000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of forensic sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/17105","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2263/17105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401870","display_name":"UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","host_organization_name":"University of Pretoria","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Postprint Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4043000042438507,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19736774","https://openalex.org/W95492166","https://openalex.org/W119039514","https://openalex.org/W167022448","https://openalex.org/W583524381","https://openalex.org/W1499796296","https://openalex.org/W1550640405","https://openalex.org/W1587032700","https://openalex.org/W1622303255","https://openalex.org/W1965142951","https://openalex.org/W1973911231","https://openalex.org/W1994258290","https://openalex.org/W2015828422","https://openalex.org/W2029065841","https://openalex.org/W2045030022","https://openalex.org/W2046170540","https://openalex.org/W2051526143","https://openalex.org/W2071533770","https://openalex.org/W2076155657","https://openalex.org/W2082283794","https://openalex.org/W2125616962","https://openalex.org/W2151623845","https://openalex.org/W2162586949","https://openalex.org/W2171041712","https://openalex.org/W2171773031","https://openalex.org/W2319394437","https://openalex.org/W2325693185","https://openalex.org/W2418992728","https://openalex.org/W2499277253","https://openalex.org/W2593628275","https://openalex.org/W2617686620","https://openalex.org/W4244800002"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015828422","https://openalex.org/W2049518728","https://openalex.org/W2144061318","https://openalex.org/W1599703866","https://openalex.org/W3111559469","https://openalex.org/W2156461032","https://openalex.org/W2041552958","https://openalex.org/W95492166","https://openalex.org/W4401017295","https://openalex.org/W2736120717"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"successful":[1],"identification":[2],"of":[3,33,38,46,66,74,124,147],"human":[4],"skeletal":[5,76,134],"remains":[6],"relies":[7],"on":[8],"proven":[9],"diagnostic":[10],"techniques":[11],"for":[12,101,106,143],"sex":[13,34,73],"determination.":[14],"This":[15,108],"research":[16,137],"utilized":[17],"608":[18],"individuals":[19],"from":[20,35],"South":[21,87],"Africa":[22],"(420":[23],"men,":[24],"188":[25],"women)":[26],"to":[27,140,154],"conduct":[28],"a":[29],"blind":[30],"nonmetric":[31],"determination":[32],"three":[36,68],"features":[37,69,82],"the":[39,47,63,67,71,75,125,144,157],"distal":[40,126],"humerus:":[41],"olecranon":[42],"fossa":[43],"shape,":[44],"angle":[45],"medial":[48],"epicondyle,":[49],"and":[50,58,62,85,153],"trochlear":[51],"extension.":[52],"A":[53],"scoring":[54],"system":[55],"between":[56],"males":[57],"females":[59],"was":[60,115],"implemented,":[61],"aggregate":[64],"score":[65],"determined":[70],"estimated":[72],"element":[77],"in":[78,117,150],"question.":[79],"With":[80],"all":[81],"combined,":[83],"black":[84],"white":[86],"Africans":[88],"were":[89],"categorized":[90],"successfully":[91],"as":[92],"either":[93],"male":[94],"or":[95],"female":[96],"75.5%":[97],"(77%":[98],"accuracy":[99,104],"rate":[100,105,110],"females,":[102],"74%":[103],"males).":[107],"classification":[109],"is":[111,138,159],"lower":[112],"than":[113],"what":[114],"found":[116],"previous":[118],"studies,":[119],"but":[120],"suggests":[121],"that":[122],"characteristics":[123],"humerus":[127],"are":[128],"still":[129],"quite":[130],"valuable":[131],"when":[132],"estimating":[133],"sex.":[135],"More":[136],"needed":[139],"assess":[141],"reasons":[142],"differential":[145],"expression":[146],"these":[148],"traits":[149],"different":[151],"populations":[152],"determine":[155],"whether":[156],"method":[158],"nonpopulation":[160],"specific.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}