{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1893148596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12138","title":"Is Small Beautiful? Small Enterprise, Aid and Employment in Africa","display_name":"Is Small Beautiful? Small Enterprise, Aid and Employment in Africa","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1893148596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12138","mag":"1893148596"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1467-8268.12138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12138","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1467-8268.12138","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33443600","display_name":"African Development Review","issn_l":"1017-6772","issn":["1017-6772","1467-8268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Development Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1467-8268.12138","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108690468","display_name":"John Page","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115283149","display_name":"Brookings Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/04aj4sh46","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115283149"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Page","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookings Institution#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookings Institution#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115283149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085002006","display_name":"M\u00e5ns S\u00f6derbom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9310-093X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9310-093X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115283149","display_name":"Brookings Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/04aj4sh46","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115283149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e5ns S\u00f6derbom","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Brookings Institution and University of Gothenburg, respectively. This paper is a revised version of Page and So\u0308derbom (2012) written for the UNU-WIDER project Foreign Aid Research and Communications\u2013ReCom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Brookings Institution and University of Gothenburg, respectively. This paper is a revised version of Page and So\u0308derbom (2012) written for the UNU-WIDER project Foreign Aid Research and Communications\u2013ReCom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115283149","https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3700},"apc_paid":{"value":3700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3700},"fwci":38.5279,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":177,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99708756,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"S1","first_page":"44","last_page":"55"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.9023000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.9023000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.014999999664723873,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13762","display_name":"Education and Labor Relations","score":0.01489999983459711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-business","display_name":"small business","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-aid","display_name":"foreign aid","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-creation","display_name":"job creation","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-quality","display_name":"job quality","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-size","display_name":"firm size","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-turnover","display_name":"employee turnover","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wages","display_name":"wages","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment-climate","display_name":"investment climate","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-training","display_name":"management training","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-capabilities","display_name":"organizational capabilities","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/africa","display_name":"Africa","score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethiopia","display_name":"Ethiopia","score":0.9419999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.5969040989875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5770422220230103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.5303189158439636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992540694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Job creation","level":2,"score":0.5210177898406982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.5206177234649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777973936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1109680","display_name":"Small business","level":2,"score":0.48034393787384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3778260350227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.21238481998443604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/1467-8268.12138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12138","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1467-8268.12138","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33443600","display_name":"African Development Review","issn_l":"1017-6772","issn":["1017-6772","1467-8268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Development Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1467-8268.12138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12138","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1467-8268.12138","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33443600","display_name":"African Development Review","issn_l":"1017-6772","issn":["1017-6772","1467-8268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Development Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6299999952316284}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1893148596.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18031099","https://openalex.org/W625936046","https://openalex.org/W1590283014","https://openalex.org/W1596758324","https://openalex.org/W1605880403","https://openalex.org/W1782208363","https://openalex.org/W1893148596","https://openalex.org/W1956010534","https://openalex.org/W1998891651","https://openalex.org/W2009263548","https://openalex.org/W2016597418","https://openalex.org/W2046895663","https://openalex.org/W2057353990","https://openalex.org/W2095916373","https://openalex.org/W2126276934","https://openalex.org/W2137358449","https://openalex.org/W2142268490","https://openalex.org/W2155609446","https://openalex.org/W2162455264","https://openalex.org/W2162576552","https://openalex.org/W2326890393","https://openalex.org/W3121451973","https://openalex.org/W3121546862","https://openalex.org/W3121785352","https://openalex.org/W3121954021","https://openalex.org/W3122435068","https://openalex.org/W3122884363","https://openalex.org/W3123144636","https://openalex.org/W3124140110","https://openalex.org/W3125682473","https://openalex.org/W4237806521"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3000444424","https://openalex.org/W2054161423","https://openalex.org/W1485140955","https://openalex.org/W2148126304","https://openalex.org/W3125606812","https://openalex.org/W3124563545","https://openalex.org/W2809129286","https://openalex.org/W357297598","https://openalex.org/W3185121445","https://openalex.org/W1978673300"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Aid":[1],"providers":[2],"often":[3],"describe":[4],"small":[5,35],"firms":[6,40,75],"as":[7],"\u2018job":[8],"creators\u2019.":[9],"But":[10],"what":[11],"types":[12],"of":[13,44,54,74,76],"jobs":[14,65],"do":[15],"they":[16],"create?":[17],"Drawing":[18],"on":[19],"enterprise":[20],"survey":[21],"data":[22,29],"for":[23,30,90,96],"nine":[24],"African":[25],"countries":[26],"and":[27,36,56,83],"panel":[28],"Ethiopia":[31],"we":[32],"find":[33],"that":[34],"large":[37],"formal":[38],"sector":[39],"create":[41,62],"similar":[42],"numbers":[43],"net":[45],"jobs.":[46],"Small":[47],"firms,":[48],"however,":[49],"have":[50],"much":[51],"higher":[52],"turnover":[53],"employment":[55,97],"pay":[57],"persistently":[58],"lower":[59],"wages.":[60],"To":[61],"more":[63],"\u2018good\u2019":[64],"aid":[66],"should":[67],"target":[68],"the":[69,72,80],"constraints":[70],"to":[71,86],"growth":[73],"all":[77],"sizes.":[78],"Improving":[79],"\u2018investment":[81],"climate\u2019":[82],"new":[84],"programs":[85],"increase":[87],"firms'":[88],"capabilities\u2014through,":[89],"example,":[91],"management":[92],"training\u2014offer":[93],"greater":[94],"prospects":[95],"creation.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}