{"id":"https://openalex.org/W188865136","doi":null,"title":"AWARENESS OF PRIVILEGE AND OPPRESSION SCALE-2: CONSTRUCTION AND INITIAL VALIDATION","display_name":"AWARENESS OF PRIVILEGE AND OPPRESSION SCALE-2: CONSTRUCTION AND INITIAL VALIDATION","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W188865136","mag":"188865136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:uknowledge.uky.edu:edp_etds-1018","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://uknowledge.uky.edu/edp_etds/22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402623","display_name":"UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","host_organization_name":"University of Kentucky","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Theses and Dissertations--Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010342220","display_name":"Michael James McClellan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4094-0999","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4094-0999"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110325482","display_name":"Eastern Kentucky University","ror":"https://ror.org/012xks909","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110325482"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael James McClellan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eastern Kentucky University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4094-0999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eastern Kentucky University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110325482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010342220"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110325482"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.39399999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.39399999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.34769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.04830000177025795,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-revision","display_name":"scale revision","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-justice","display_name":"social justice","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-training","display_name":"diversity training","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterosexism","display_name":"heterosexism","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexism","display_name":"sexism","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classism","display_name":"classism","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racism","display_name":"racism","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/openness-to-diversity","display_name":"openness to diversity","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-properties","display_name":"psychometric properties","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-validity","display_name":"content validity","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-structure","display_name":"factor structure","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undergraduate-students","display_name":"undergraduate students","score":0.6389999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776526686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252000","display_name":"Oppression","level":3,"score":0.772799015045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7106955051422119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106906290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140909","display_name":"Cronbach's alpha","level":3,"score":0.6702970862388611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165957694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421350","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.626308798789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.6097581386566162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780138299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3404265","display_name":"Privilege (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6058591604232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5474144220352173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58916136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1663508","display_name":"Content validity","level":3,"score":0.4519975185394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.427813857793808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198999979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159115","display_name":"Concurrent validity","level":4,"score":0.4113059937953949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.405720055103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.2989486753940582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.2978649139404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.08904275298118591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08390206098556519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018868096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2693233","display_name":"Internal consistency","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:uknowledge.uky.edu:edp_etds-1018","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://uknowledge.uky.edu/edp_etds/22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402623","display_name":"UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","host_organization_name":"University of Kentucky","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Theses and Dissertations--Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:188865136","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=edp_etds","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":150,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64884643","https://openalex.org/W91777067","https://openalex.org/W101369477","https://openalex.org/W123046171","https://openalex.org/W147531423","https://openalex.org/W190529148","https://openalex.org/W401148281","https://openalex.org/W645861325","https://openalex.org/W1420949519","https://openalex.org/W1485544249","https://openalex.org/W1493718445","https://openalex.org/W1493852950","https://openalex.org/W1497609790","https://openalex.org/W1528919276","https://openalex.org/W1538231061","https://openalex.org/W1598788054","https://openalex.org/W1628986632","https://openalex.org/W1851019781","https://openalex.org/W1851712239","https://openalex.org/W1918881530","https://openalex.org/W1947484631","https://openalex.org/W1969439690","https://openalex.org/W1969714621","https://openalex.org/W1970015685","https://openalex.org/W1974870217","https://openalex.org/W1975501692","https://openalex.org/W1977281739","https://openalex.org/W1980223190","https://openalex.org/W1983912405","https://openalex.org/W1984533770","https://openalex.org/W1984673075","https://openalex.org/W1985442453","https://openalex.org/W1988523950","https://openalex.org/W1989528006","https://openalex.org/W1996244622","https://openalex.org/W1996624610","https://openalex.org/W1997683703","https://openalex.org/W2001104120","https://openalex.org/W2001390054","https://openalex.org/W2001750480","https://openalex.org/W2002053719","https://openalex.org/W2004315852","https://openalex.org/W2004345474","https://openalex.org/W2005364767","https://openalex.org/W2006253959","https://openalex.org/W2012360860","https://openalex.org/W2015688983","https://openalex.org/W2017435514","https://openalex.org/W2017932007","https://openalex.org/W2018477069","https://openalex.org/W2023855012","https://openalex.org/W2025120043","https://openalex.org/W2028829385","https://openalex.org/W2032414270","https://openalex.org/W2033951590","https://openalex.org/W2036384654","https://openalex.org/W2036395533","https://openalex.org/W2038685223","https://openalex.org/W2044101938","https://openalex.org/W2044864417","https://openalex.org/W2045745204","https://openalex.org/W2045944636","https://openalex.org/W2049705537","https://openalex.org/W2054511512","https://openalex.org/W2054803824","https://openalex.org/W2054919804","https://openalex.org/W2057000963","https://openalex.org/W2061219420","https://openalex.org/W2063245725","https://openalex.org/W2071500890","https://openalex.org/W2072360759","https://openalex.org/W2072674642","https://openalex.org/W2073179815","https://openalex.org/W2073532974","https://openalex.org/W2076787622","https://openalex.org/W2076886035","https://openalex.org/W2077232694","https://openalex.org/W2078965693","https://openalex.org/W2079176118","https://openalex.org/W2079856242","https://openalex.org/W2080981107","https://openalex.org/W2081780398","https://openalex.org/W2082456727","https://openalex.org/W2084762075","https://openalex.org/W2088408730","https://openalex.org/W2090346509","https://openalex.org/W2091454396","https://openalex.org/W2098822328","https://openalex.org/W2101135873","https://openalex.org/W2104818169","https://openalex.org/W2107904149","https://openalex.org/W2108348759","https://openalex.org/W2110088876","https://openalex.org/W2110777095","https://openalex.org/W2114722679","https://openalex.org/W2114775248","https://openalex.org/W2116610706","https://openalex.org/W2117586381","https://openalex.org/W2118033225","https://openalex.org/W2118390663","https://openalex.org/W2120996730","https://openalex.org/W2123565320","https://openalex.org/W2124156895","https://openalex.org/W2124198624","https://openalex.org/W2125233360","https://openalex.org/W2126679444","https://openalex.org/W2129935493","https://openalex.org/W2133073093","https://openalex.org/W2134037370","https://openalex.org/W2137071805","https://openalex.org/W2139140774","https://openalex.org/W2141916328","https://openalex.org/W2142717105","https://openalex.org/W2143736435","https://openalex.org/W2143897586","https://openalex.org/W2145073540","https://openalex.org/W2145847722","https://openalex.org/W2145967646","https://openalex.org/W2149028183","https://openalex.org/W2150438355","https://openalex.org/W2152022132","https://openalex.org/W2154597847","https://openalex.org/W2159466611","https://openalex.org/W2159574201","https://openalex.org/W2160101004","https://openalex.org/W2161962548","https://openalex.org/W2163912735","https://openalex.org/W2165902651","https://openalex.org/W2172005696","https://openalex.org/W2260336574","https://openalex.org/W2311906455","https://openalex.org/W2315207768","https://openalex.org/W2317742357","https://openalex.org/W2323447115","https://openalex.org/W2324699663","https://openalex.org/W2328447890","https://openalex.org/W2336271831","https://openalex.org/W2487999741","https://openalex.org/W2490076064","https://openalex.org/W2495804420","https://openalex.org/W2724443912","https://openalex.org/W2795656446","https://openalex.org/W2902605919","https://openalex.org/W2915286495","https://openalex.org/W2921102951","https://openalex.org/W3003397375","https://openalex.org/W3018561090","https://openalex.org/W3080738154","https://openalex.org/W3098449050","https://openalex.org/W3120666910"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2948012213","https://openalex.org/W4392395856","https://openalex.org/W101369477","https://openalex.org/W1737427054","https://openalex.org/W2088204723","https://openalex.org/W648844487","https://openalex.org/W613959247","https://openalex.org/W4414620833","https://openalex.org/W3203523717","https://openalex.org/W3197910829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,28,102,158,171,209],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,10,24,46,93,113,146,154,160,193,197,201,206,221,276,287],"this":[3],"study":[4],"was":[5,80,106],"to":[6,18,39,66,88,109,141,223,229,250,259,263],"revise":[7],"the":[8,21,25,41,55,72,86,91,144,151,155,161,167,178,243,251,264,274,277],"Awareness":[9,192,196,200,205],"Privilege":[11],"and":[12,17,48,60,82,98,128,148,183,204,213,225,227,281,289],"Oppression":[13],"Scale":[14],"(Montross,":[15,58],"2003)":[16,59],"improve":[19,95],"upon":[20],"psychometric":[22,152],"properties":[23,153],"original":[26,56,252],"instrument.":[27],"APOS-2":[29,87,162,210,244],"is":[30,37],"a":[31,110,118,219,235,247,255,282],"diversity":[32,224],"training":[33],"outcome":[34],"measure":[35,40,220],"that":[36],"designed":[38],"social":[42,236],"justice-related":[43],"construct":[44],"awareness":[45],"privilege":[47],"oppression.":[49],"I":[50],"retained":[51],"26":[52],"items":[53,70,147],"from":[54,75],"APOS":[57,253],"utilized":[61,140],"an":[62,76,123,129],"expert":[63,77],"focus":[64],"group":[65,79],"generate":[67],"new":[68],"test":[69],"for":[71,166,177,273],"APOS-2.":[73],"Feedback":[74],"rater":[78],"solicited":[81],"then":[83,107,149],"incorporated":[84],"into":[85],"help":[89],"reduce":[90,143],"number":[92,145],"items,":[94],"item":[96,261],"content,":[97],"evaluate":[99],"content":[100,262],"validity.":[101,291],"newly":[103],"revised":[104],"scale":[105],"administered":[108],"combined":[111],"sample":[112],"484":[114],"undergraduate":[115],"students":[116],"at":[117],"large":[119],"public":[120],"university":[121],"through":[122],"internet-based":[124],"survey.":[125],"Item-analysis":[126],"procedures":[127],"exploratory":[130],"factor":[131],"analysis":[132],"(EFA)":[133],"with":[134,218,234,254,285],"direct":[135],"oblim":[136],"oblique":[137],"rotation":[138],"were":[139,186],"further":[142],"determine":[150],"final":[156,179],"solution.":[157,170],"EFA":[159],"data":[163,241],"provided":[164],"support":[165,272],"theoretical":[168],"four-factor":[169],"observed":[172],"Cronbach":[173],"alpha":[174],"reliability":[175,269],"estimates":[176],"40-item":[180],"total":[181],"score":[182,190],"subscale":[184,268],"scores":[185],"as":[187],"follows:":[188],"Total":[189],"(.92),":[191],"Heterosexism":[194],"(.84),":[195,203],"Sexism":[198],"(.73),":[199],"Classism":[202],"Racism":[207],"(.86).":[208],"correlated":[211],"low":[212],"positively":[214],"(r":[215,231],"=":[216,232],".29)":[217],"openness":[222],"negatively":[226],"close":[228],"zero":[230],"-.10)":[233],"desirability":[237],"measure.":[238],"These":[239],"collective":[240],"suggest":[242],"may":[245],"be":[246],"viable":[248],"alternative":[249],"stronger":[256],"initial":[257],"effort":[258],"link":[260],"extant":[265],"literature,":[266],"improved":[267],"estimates,":[270],"continued":[271],"use":[275],"theoretically":[278],"derived":[279],"subscales,":[280],"predictable":[283],"relationship":[284],"measures":[286],"convergent":[288],"discriminant":[290]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}