{"id":"https://openalex.org/W188655508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5555/1558801.1558809","title":"PCB inspection for missing or misaligned components using background subtraction","display_name":"PCB inspection for missing or misaligned components using background subtraction","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W188655508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5555/1558801.1558809","mag":"188655508"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:188655508","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1558809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764602731","display_name":"WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications archive","issn_l":"1790-0832","issn":["1790-0832","2224-3402"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications archive","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080806243","display_name":"Kenneth Sundaraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7221-0072","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7221-0072"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth Sundaraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Malaysia Perlis, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Jejawi, Perlis, Malaysia#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7221-0072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Malaysia Perlis, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Jejawi, Perlis, Malaysia#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080806243"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3867,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88275713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"5","first_page":"778","last_page":"787"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/printed-circuit-board-inspection","display_name":"printed circuit board inspection","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-visual-inspection","display_name":"automated visual inspection","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-mount-technology","display_name":"surface mount technology","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-component-detection","display_name":"missing component detection","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component-misalignment","display_name":"component misalignment","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-subtraction","display_name":"background subtraction","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pcb-defects","display_name":"PCB defects","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inspection-throughput","display_name":"inspection throughput","score":0.7870000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164830781","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787330","display_name":"Automated optical inspection","level":2,"score":0.8778775930404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120793396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173350","display_name":"Printed circuit board","level":2,"score":0.8219525814056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776584680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191042","display_name":"Surface-mount technology","level":3,"score":0.8054285645484924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168820333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448889","display_name":"Visual inspection","level":2,"score":0.720622181892395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6658791899681091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5963351130485535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81060104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11653","display_name":"Electronic component","level":2,"score":0.5838778018951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17511633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830694","display_name":"SMT placement equipment","level":3,"score":0.54995197057724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780407802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6146499","display_name":"Inspection time","level":2,"score":0.5186468958854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146920229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2278114","display_name":"Automated X-ray inspection","level":4,"score":0.5012009143829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106436119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836575","display_name":"Quality assurance","level":3,"score":0.49100831151008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32653426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813641","display_name":"Background subtraction","level":3,"score":0.4904046058654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4892151355743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4734594225883484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.47268182039260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.42840316891670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50296614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211387","display_name":"Soldering","level":2,"score":0.4272683560848236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2368760108947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18693259358406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1854335069656372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.1846473217010498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15074214339256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.12115436792373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.09904655814170837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778618615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008393","display_name":"External quality assessment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"mag:188655508","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1558809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764602731","display_name":"WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications archive","issn_l":"1790-0832","issn":["1790-0832","2224-3402"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications archive","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3145177527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5555/1558801.1558809","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.5555/1558801.1558809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764602731","display_name":"WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications archive","issn_l":"1790-0832","issn":["1790-0832","2224-3402"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications archive","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482761381","https://openalex.org/W1499877760","https://openalex.org/W1693345094","https://openalex.org/W1847496796","https://openalex.org/W1917718277","https://openalex.org/W1971805947","https://openalex.org/W1975419982","https://openalex.org/W2003352944","https://openalex.org/W2004056068","https://openalex.org/W2004241456","https://openalex.org/W2041475884","https://openalex.org/W2083978531","https://openalex.org/W2097512404","https://openalex.org/W2099523505","https://openalex.org/W2102625004","https://openalex.org/W2118143383","https://openalex.org/W2127441325","https://openalex.org/W2132576733","https://openalex.org/W2133794243","https://openalex.org/W2138779956","https://openalex.org/W2140235142","https://openalex.org/W2142251840","https://openalex.org/W2143032850","https://openalex.org/W2143373691","https://openalex.org/W2148290050","https://openalex.org/W2150600919","https://openalex.org/W2532535446","https://openalex.org/W2537692839","https://openalex.org/W3094885158","https://openalex.org/W3159706060"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2785622324","https://openalex.org/W1560398276","https://openalex.org/W4235710763","https://openalex.org/W3016761097","https://openalex.org/W1611842984","https://openalex.org/W2386138148","https://openalex.org/W2320400732","https://openalex.org/W2008429579","https://openalex.org/W2127441325","https://openalex.org/W4362650061"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"visual":[1,182],"inspection":[2,109,144,156,183],"(AVI)":[3],"is":[4,110,167,189],"becoming":[5],"an":[6,69],"integral":[7],"part":[8],"of":[9,63,77,85,146,162,174,198],"modern":[10],"surface":[11],"mount":[12],"technology":[13,19,57],"(SMT)":[14],"assembly":[15],"process.":[16],"This":[17,153],"high":[18],"assembly,":[20],"produces":[21],"printed":[22],"circuit":[23],"boards":[24],"(PCB)":[25],"with":[26],"tiny":[27],"and":[28,49,61,79,89,94,158,171],"delicate":[29],"electronic":[30,65,115],"components.":[31],"With":[32],"the":[33,47,100,104,114,160,193],"increase":[34,70,159],"in":[35,58,71,75,96,99,113,177],"demand":[36],"for":[37,45,107,169],"such":[38],"PCBs,":[39],"high-volume":[40],"production":[41],"has":[42],"to":[43,191],"cater":[44],"both":[46,74],"quantity":[48],"zero":[50],"defect":[51,86,200],"quality":[52],"assurance.":[53],"The":[54],"ever":[55],"changing":[56],"fabrication,":[59],"placement":[60],"soldering":[62],"SMT":[64,175],"components":[66],"have":[67,91],"caused":[68],"PCB":[72,108,148,163],"defects":[73,173],"terms":[76],"numbers":[78],"types.":[80],"Consequently,":[81],"a":[82,127,137,142,147,178],"wide":[83],"range":[84],"detecting":[87],"techniques":[88],"algorithms":[90],"been":[92],"reported":[93],"implemented":[95],"AVI":[97,118],"systems":[98,119],"past":[101],"decade.":[102],"Unfortunately,":[103],"turn-over":[105],"rate":[106],"very":[111],"crucial":[112],"industry.":[116],"Current":[117],"spend":[120],"too":[121],"much":[122],"time":[123,157],"inspecting":[124],"PCBs":[125,201],"on":[126,135],"component-by-component":[128],"basis.":[129],"In":[130],"this":[131],"paper,":[132],"we":[133],"focus":[134],"providing":[136],"solution":[138,166],"that":[139],"can":[140],"cover":[141],"larger":[143],"area":[145],"at":[149],"any":[150],"one":[151],"time.":[152],"will":[154],"reduce":[155],"throughput":[161],"production.":[164],"Our":[165],"targeted":[168],"missing":[170],"misalignment":[172],"devices":[176],"PCB.":[179],"An":[180],"alternative":[181],"approach":[184],"using":[185],"color":[186],"background":[187],"subtraction":[188],"presented":[190],"address":[192],"stated":[194],"defect.":[195],"Experimental":[196],"results":[197],"various":[199],"are":[202],"also":[203],"presented.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
