{"id":"https://openalex.org/W18703291","doi":null,"title":"If at First You Don't Succeed: Effects of Failure on General and Task-Specific Self-Efficacy and Performance","display_name":"If at First You Don't Succeed: Effects of Failure on General and Task-Specific Self-Efficacy and Performance","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W18703291","mag":"18703291"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:18703291","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-04346-015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88263524","display_name":"North American journal of psychology","issn_l":"1527-7143","issn":["1527-7143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"North American journal of psychology","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110049730","display_name":"Sara Anne Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Anne Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038880921","display_name":"Steven J. Kass","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-5013","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-5013"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83683471","display_name":"University of West Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/002w4zy91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven J. Kass","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of West Florida, Pensocola, FL, US"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-5013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of West Florida, Pensocola, FL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061291638","display_name":"Rob J. Rotunda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0458-9647","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0458-9647"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83683471","display_name":"University of West Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/002w4zy91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rob J. Rotunda","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of West Florida, Pensocola, FL, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of West Florida, Pensocola, FL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032399006","display_name":"Sherry K. Schneider","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83683471","display_name":"University of West Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/002w4zy91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherry K. Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of West Florida, Pensocola, FL, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of West Florida, Pensocola, FL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83683471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6247,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9344515,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"171","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.801800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.801800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13542","display_name":"Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation","score":0.1696999967098236,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-efficacy","display_name":"self-efficacy","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/failure","display_name":"failure","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-specific-self-efficacy","display_name":"task self-efficacy","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-self-efficacy","display_name":"general self-efficacy","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-performance","display_name":"task performance","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-cognitive-theory","display_name":"social cognitive theory","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-competence","display_name":"perceived competence","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-efficacy-intervention","display_name":"self-efficacy intervention","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-efficacy-training","display_name":"self-efficacy training","score":0.421999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780282618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122981","display_name":"Anagrams","level":3,"score":0.875645637512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8067228198051453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6901929378509521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110131835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153659","display_name":"Self-efficacy","level":2,"score":0.6193374991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6041977405548096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5266544818878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5160800814628601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4212946593761444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4126797020435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.41141384840011597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.08767232298851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:18703291","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-04346-015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88263524","display_name":"North American journal of psychology","issn_l":"1527-7143","issn":["1527-7143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"North American journal of psychology","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098213461","https://openalex.org/W4255348165","https://openalex.org/W3209395368","https://openalex.org/W2006839843","https://openalex.org/W2053703990","https://openalex.org/W4254746803","https://openalex.org/W2088406115","https://openalex.org/W2095668688","https://openalex.org/W2076185752","https://openalex.org/W1991703343"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,136,378],"study":[1,379],"explored":[2],"the":[3,38,55,78,94,103,116,140,150,161,208,222,238,241,244,263,275,279,291,295,346,438,444,473,478,509,540],"impact":[4],"that":[5,77,157,253,305,415],"failing":[6,333],"a":[7,69,201,254,308,318,335,354,359,464,480,486,524,542,572],"specific":[8],"cognitive":[9,175],"task":[10,16,90,296,336,579],"had":[11],"on":[12,334,339,420,521],"self-efficacy":[13,61,73,86,98,109,185,417,448,459,491,504,529,577],"and":[14,53,58,65,71,87,111,163,168,177,194,215,226,232,337,400,403,432,441,460,472,492,531,555,561,578],"future":[15,398,461],"performance.":[17,401,580],"Participants":[18,48],"were":[19,62],"60":[20],"university":[21],"students":[22],"(15":[23],"men,":[24],"45":[25,519],"women)":[26],"ranging":[27],"in":[28,37,60,144,172,221,243,463,477,552,557],"age":[29],"from":[30,358],"18":[31],"to":[32,44,93,125,148,192,200,270,293,367,457,507,550,570],"45.":[33],"Failure":[34,231],"was":[35,99,505],"induced":[36],"experimental":[39,56],"group":[40],"by":[41,68,102,267,513],"requiring":[42],"participants":[43],"attempt":[45],"unsolvable":[46],"anagrams.":[47],"completed":[49],"anagrams":[50],"both":[51],"before":[52],"after":[54],"manipulation,":[57],"changes":[59],"measured":[63],"pre":[64],"post":[66],"manipulation":[67],"general":[70],"task-specific":[72,85],"scale.":[74],"Results":[75],"indicated":[76],"occurrence":[79],"of":[80,118,142,152,166,188,197,210,224,246,257,277,300,311,348,362,371,388,424,443,447,466,482,511,518,545],"failure":[81,104,119,349,374,382],"significantly":[82],"decreased":[83],"participants'":[84],"their":[88],"subsequent":[89],"performance,":[91],"relative":[92],"control":[95,160],"group.":[96],"General":[97],"not":[100],"affected":[101],"manipulation.":[105],"Theoretical":[106],"implications":[107,113,396],"for":[108,114,325,397],"research":[110],"practical":[112],"overcoming":[115,262],"effects":[117],"are":[120],"discussed.":[121],"Buddha":[122],"is":[123,129,134,170,178,259,375,390,418,437],"believed":[124],"have":[126,454],"said,":[127],"He":[128],"able":[130],"who":[131],"thinks":[132],"he":[133,287],"able.":[135],"simple":[137],"proverb":[138],"reflects":[139],"power":[141],"belief":[143],"an":[145,368],"individual's":[146,369],"ability":[147,292],"affect":[149,384,458],"course":[151],"one's":[153,189,416],"life.":[154],"The":[155,386],"idea":[156],"cognitions":[158],"can":[159,281,350,383],"pursuit":[162],"successful":[164],"completion":[165],"goals":[167],"tasks":[169],"embodied":[171],"Bandura's":[173],"social":[174],"theory":[176],"labeled":[179],"as":[180,186,353],"self-efficacy.":[181],"Bandura":[182,250,302,412],"(1977)":[183,413],"defined":[184],"judgments":[187],"own":[190],"capabilities":[191],"organize":[193],"execute":[195],"courses":[196],"action":[198],"required":[199],"desired":[202],"performance":[203,426,452,462,494,512,532,556,564],"criterion.":[204],"Efficacy":[205,406],"expectations":[206,407],"influence":[207],"amount":[209],"effort":[211],"people":[212],"will":[213,219,313,321],"expend":[214],"how":[216,381],"long":[217],"they":[218],"persist":[220],"face":[223],"obstacles":[225],"aversive":[227],"experiences":[228],"(e.g.,":[229,469],"failure).":[230],"rejection":[233],"may":[234],"be":[235,282,351,571],"more":[236],"often":[237],"rule":[239],"than":[240],"exception":[242],"process":[245],"obtaining":[247],"challenging":[248],"goals.":[249],"(1989)":[251,303],"noted":[252],"resilient":[255],"sense":[256,299,310,361,370,544],"efficacy":[258,312,330,372,546],"helpful":[260],"when":[261,373],"multiple":[264],"impediments":[265],"encountered":[266],"individuals":[268],"prior":[269],"achieving":[271],"success.":[272],"When":[273],"facing":[274],"possibility":[276],"failure,":[278],"situation":[280],"improved":[283],"if":[284],"one":[285],"believes":[286],"or":[288],"she":[289],"has":[290,394,547],"complete":[294],"(i.e.,":[297],"strong":[298],"self-efficacy).":[301],"states":[304],"those":[306,327],"with":[307,328],"high":[309,543],"view":[314,331],"themselves":[315,332],"successfully":[316],"executing":[317],"task,":[319],"which":[320],"provide":[322],"positive":[323,488,503,526,574],"guides":[324],"performance;":[326],"low":[329,360],"focus":[338],"events":[340],"going":[341],"astray.":[342],"In":[343,539],"this":[344],"instance":[345],"thought":[347],"seen":[352],"negative":[355],"consequence":[356],"resulting":[357],"efficacy,":[363],"but":[364],"what":[365],"happens":[366],"actually":[376],"experienced?":[377],"examined":[380],"competence.":[385],"self-perception":[387],"competence":[389],"critical":[391],"because":[392],"it":[393],"significant":[395,487,525],"beliefs":[399],"Self-Efficacy":[402],"Task":[404],"Performance":[405,436],"all":[408],"share":[409],"certain":[410],"origins.":[411],"explained":[414],"based":[419],"four":[421,445],"principal":[422],"sources":[423,446],"information:":[425],"accomplishments,":[427],"vicarious":[428],"experience,":[429],"verbal":[430],"persuasion,":[431],"physiological":[433],"states/emotional":[434],"arousal.":[435],"most":[439],"dependable":[440],"influential":[442],"(Bandura,":[449],"1977).":[450],"Past":[451],"accomplishments":[453],"been":[455,548],"shown":[456,506],"variety":[465],"different":[467],"settings":[468],"workplace,":[470,479],"sports,":[471],"classroom).":[474],"For":[475],"example,":[476],"meta-analysis":[481],"114":[483],"studies":[484,520],"showed":[485,523],"relationship":[489,575],"between":[490,528,576],"work-related":[493],"(Stajkovic":[495],"&":[496,536],"Luthans,":[497],"1998).":[498,566],"Across":[499],"these":[500],"studies,":[501],"workers'":[502],"increase":[508],"level":[510],"28%.":[514],"Another":[515],"meta-analytic":[516],"review":[517],"sports":[522],"correlation":[527],"measures":[530],"(Mortiz,":[533],"Feltz,":[534],"Fahrbach,":[535],"Mack,":[537],"2000).":[538],"classroom,":[541],"found":[549],"result":[551],"better":[553],"adjustment":[554],"college":[558],"(Zimmerman,":[559],"1995)":[560],"increased":[562],"exam":[563],"(Zohar,":[565],"Overall,":[567],"there":[568],"appears":[569],"moderate":[573],"\u2026":[581]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
