{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1869727638","doi":null,"title":"Kaon and open charm production in central lead-lead collisions at the CERN SPS","display_name":"Kaon and open charm production in central lead-lead collisions at the CERN SPS","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1869727638","mag":"1869727638"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/692","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/692","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086729098","display_name":"M. van Leeuwen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-4888","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-4888"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. van Leeuwen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-4888","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086729098"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10527","display_name":"High-Energy Particle Collisions Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10527","display_name":"High-Energy Particle Collisions Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10224","display_name":"Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10048","display_name":"Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kaon-production","display_name":"kaon production","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-charm-production","display_name":"open charm production","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pb-pb-collisions","display_name":"Pb-Pb collisions","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quark-gluon-plasma","display_name":"quark-gluon plasma","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deconfinement-transition","display_name":"deconfinement transition","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charm-meson-production","display_name":"charm meson production","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermalization","display_name":"thermalization","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-projection-chamber","display_name":"time projection chamber","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionization-energy-loss","display_name":"ionization energy loss","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-ion-collisions","display_name":"heavy-ion collisions","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hadronic-matter","display_name":"hadronic matter","score":0.34299999475479126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9201902747154236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.8320292234420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87668248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40605","display_name":"Large Hadron Collider","level":2,"score":0.7260355949401855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2292967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q733096","display_name":"Quark\u2013gluon plasma","level":3,"score":0.6780393123626709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206094082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4097","display_name":"Pion","level":2,"score":0.607639729976654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109214941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18334","display_name":"Particle physics","level":1,"score":0.5798944234848022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19694890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101667","display_name":"Hadron","level":2,"score":0.5507979989051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200006409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102742","display_name":"Meson","level":2,"score":0.5184845328330994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165410206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7068141","display_name":"Nuclear matter","level":3,"score":0.506311297416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86040059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6754","display_name":"Charm quark","level":3,"score":0.4590238034725189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101496351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11430","display_name":"State of matter","level":2,"score":0.45691001415252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28594881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925640","display_name":"Strange matter","level":3,"score":0.4502984881401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110026986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106082","display_name":"Strangeness production","level":4,"score":0.4454346001148224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60718061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414747","display_name":"Momentum (technical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.443258672952652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172695262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102165","display_name":"Nucleon","level":2,"score":0.24184277653694153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776440232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736429","display_name":"Strangeness","level":3,"score":0.1113538146018982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.06183212995529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/692","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"pmh:uu:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/692","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralthesis"},{"id":"mag:1869727638","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/692/title.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306522422","display_name":"PhDT","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PhDT","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/692","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W335430837","https://openalex.org/W1543611631","https://openalex.org/W1544055352","https://openalex.org/W1606536819","https://openalex.org/W1820155865","https://openalex.org/W2000873247","https://openalex.org/W2001314747","https://openalex.org/W2001400974","https://openalex.org/W2005400798","https://openalex.org/W2017139807","https://openalex.org/W2033339097","https://openalex.org/W2039225808","https://openalex.org/W2048457697","https://openalex.org/W2064725482","https://openalex.org/W2088055560","https://openalex.org/W2091141229","https://openalex.org/W2102120040","https://openalex.org/W2103189471","https://openalex.org/W2105760319","https://openalex.org/W2110641502","https://openalex.org/W2118071425","https://openalex.org/W2130852049","https://openalex.org/W2140711491","https://openalex.org/W2147011347","https://openalex.org/W2163403660","https://openalex.org/W2274123736","https://openalex.org/W2276055699","https://openalex.org/W2763510251","https://openalex.org/W3149072905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7038047236","https://openalex.org/W7099264115","https://openalex.org/W6891828795","https://openalex.org/W1648073137","https://openalex.org/W2165280516","https://openalex.org/W2046693028","https://openalex.org/W7004784237","https://openalex.org/W7103450025","https://openalex.org/W2963909387","https://openalex.org/W7028487314"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"thesis":[1,264],"describes":[2],"the":[3,51,56,61,64,67,78,86,107,112,126,130,136,145,151,157,167,171,188,195,201,204,211,214,220,235,242,249,252,269,273,285,289,338,343,357,370,377,380,384,393,401,409,419,446,460,468,513,517,523,540,556],"experimental":[4],"study":[5,60,283],"of":[6,38,45,50,63,92,111,132,147,190,194,206,213,234,251,284,288,383,413,479,491],"hadronic":[7,24,332],"systems":[8],"with":[9,166,369,392,432],"a":[10,27,31,43,142,191,232,238,281,397,475,488,535,552],"very":[11],"high":[12],"energy":[13,36,127,216,412,422],"density":[14,37,128],"and":[15,59,77,89,100,117,129,203,227,244,296,356,416,440,482],"temperature.":[16],"From":[17],"theoretical":[18],"caluclations":[19],"it":[20,542],"is":[21,53,120,141,278,449,457,465,520,531,537],"expected":[22,121,466,524],"that":[23,302,516,533],"matter":[25,133],"undergoes":[26],"phase":[28,57,340,378],"transition":[29,58,341],"to":[30,54,122,125,199,223,323,342,403,474,501,554,559],"deconfined":[32,65],"state":[33,131,197],"at":[34,97,156,170,174,438,459,496],"an":[35,311,454,527],"about":[39],"1":[40],"GeV/fm^3":[41],"or":[42,307,548],"temperature":[44,553],"170":[46],"MeV.":[47],"The":[48,82,138,161,176,256,275,292,317,345,427],"goal":[49],"experiments":[52],"observe":[55],"properties":[62],"state,":[66],"Quark":[68],"Gluon":[69],"Plasma":[70],"(QGP).":[71],"Two":[72],"different":[73,253,325],"measurements":[74,162,246,437],"are":[75,80,106,180,321,328,365,430],"described":[76],"results":[79],"discussed.":[81],"first":[83],"measurement":[84,140,212,233,271],"concerns":[85],"momentum":[87,205,258],"distributions":[88,259],"total":[90,297],"yields":[91,298,320],"kaons":[93,226],"in":[94,135,219,237,262,272,314,366,400,424,512,526,539],"lead-lead":[95,494],"collisions":[96,352],"40,":[98],"80":[99],"158":[101,497],"AGeV":[102,442,498],"beam":[103,159,411,421],"energy.":[104,160],"Kaons":[105],"most":[108],"abundant":[109],"carrier":[110],"relatively":[113,476],"heavy":[114],"strange":[115],"quarks":[116,481],"their":[118],"production":[119,146,478,558],"be":[123],"sensitive":[124],"early":[134],"collision.":[137],"second":[139],"search":[143,502],"for":[144,280,503],"mesons":[148],"which":[149,186,327,374],"carry":[150],"even":[152,308,389],"heavier":[153],"charm":[154,480,485,505,518,557],"quark,":[155],"highest":[158,410,461],"have":[163,265],"been":[164,266,510],"performed":[165],"NA49":[168],"detector":[169,178],"SPS":[172,462],"accelerator":[173],"CERN.":[175],"main":[177],"elements":[179],"four":[181],"Time":[182],"Projection":[183],"Chambers":[184],"(TPCs),":[185],"record":[187],"trajectories":[189],"large":[192,477,489],"fraction":[193],"final":[196],"particles":[198,306],"determine":[200],"charge":[202],"each":[207],"particle.":[208],"In":[209],"addition,":[210],"ionisation":[215],"loss":[217],"dE/dx":[218,245,270,290],"TPCs":[221],"allows":[222],"identify":[224],"pions,":[225],"protons.":[228],"Additional":[229],"detectors":[230],"provide":[231,299],"time-of-flight":[236,243,276],"limited":[239],"acceptance.":[240],"Combining":[241],"greatly":[247],"improves":[248],"separation":[250],"particle":[254],"species.":[255],"kaon":[257,294,319],"as":[260,464],"presented":[261],"this":[263,425,433,470],"determined":[267],"using":[268],"TPCs.":[274],"information":[277],"used":[279,423],"detailed":[282],"peak":[286],"shape":[287],"measurement.":[291],"resulting":[293],"spectra":[295],"strong":[300],"indications":[301],"interactions":[303],"between":[304,353,406],"produced":[305,354],"thermalisation":[309],"play":[310],"important":[312],"role":[313],"nucleus-nucleus":[315],"collisions.":[316],"measured":[318],"compared":[322],"two":[324],"models":[326,364],"based":[329],"on":[330],"purely":[331],"processes,":[333],"not":[334,544],"taking":[335],"into":[336,350],"account":[337,351],"possible":[339],"QGP.":[344,529],"hadron-transport":[346],"model":[347,373],"RQMD":[348],"takes":[349],"particles,":[355],"Hadron":[358],"Gas":[359],"Model":[360,382],"assumes":[361],"thermalisation.":[362],"Both":[363],"reasonable":[367],"agreement":[368,391],"data.":[371,394],"A":[372],"does":[375,543],"assume":[376],"transition,":[379],"Statistical":[381],"Early":[385],"Stage":[386],"(SMES),":[387],"shows":[388],"better":[390],"It":[395,530],"predicts":[396],"sharp":[398,447],"maximum":[399,448],"strangeness":[402],"pion":[404],"ratio":[405],"10":[407],"AGeV,":[408,418],"earlier":[414],"experiments,":[415],"40":[417],"lowest":[420],"thesis.":[426],"present":[428],"data":[429],"consistent":[431],"prediction,":[434],"but":[435],"future":[436],"20":[439],"30":[441],"will":[443],"decide":[444],"whether":[445],"indeed":[450,453],"observed.":[451],"If":[452],"equilibrium":[455,528],"QGP":[456,536],"formed":[458,538],"energies,":[463],"within":[467],"SMES,":[469],"would":[471],"also":[472],"lead":[473],"hence":[483],"open":[484,504],"mesons.":[486],"Therefore,":[487],"sample":[490],"three":[492],"million":[493],"events":[495],"was":[499],"taken":[500],"production.":[506],"No":[507],"signal":[508],"has":[509,549],"observed":[511],"analysis,":[514],"implying":[515],"yield":[519,525],"lower":[521],"than":[522],"concluded":[532],"if":[534],"collisions,":[541],"live":[545],"long":[546],"enough":[547],"too":[550],"low":[551],"allow":[555],"reach":[560],"equilibrium.":[561]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
