{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1867415504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","title":"Supporting self-employment and small-scale entrepreneurship: potential programs to improve livelihoods for vulnerable workers","display_name":"Supporting self-employment and small-scale entrepreneurship: potential programs to improve livelihoods for vulnerable workers","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1867415504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","mag":"1867415504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","pdf_url":"https://izajolp.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764684190","display_name":"IZA Journal of Labor Policy","issn_l":"2193-9004","issn":["2193-9004"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IZA Journal of Labor Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://izajolp.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008402803","display_name":"Yoonyoung Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-4387","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-4387"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yoonyoung Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["World Bank and IZA, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC, 20433, USA","World Bank and IZA, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Bank and IZA, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC, 20433, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Bank and IZA, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103951113","display_name":"David A. Robalino","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Robalino","raw_affiliation_strings":["World Bank and IZA, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC, 20433, USA","World Bank and IZA, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Bank and IZA, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC, 20433, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Bank and IZA, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086200315","display_name":"Samantha Maria Watson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samantha Watson","raw_affiliation_strings":["World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC, 20433, USA","World Bank  Washington USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC, 20433, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Bank  Washington USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008402803"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"],"apc_list":{"value":975,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1105},"apc_paid":{"value":975,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1105},"fwci":10.3506,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97396546,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.8535000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.8535000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12786","display_name":"Innovation and Socioeconomic Development","score":0.05400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1403","display_name":"Business and International Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10987","display_name":"Microfinance and Financial Inclusion","score":0.033900000154972076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-employment","display_name":"self-employment","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsistence-entrepreneurship","display_name":"subsistence entrepreneurship","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-business","display_name":"small business","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/livelihoods","display_name":"livelihoods","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerable-workers","display_name":"vulnerable workers","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurship-education","display_name":"entrepreneurship education","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-policy","display_name":"public policy","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-safety-net-programs","display_name":"safety net programs","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-failure","display_name":"market failure","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty","display_name":"poverty","score":0.5509999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156005406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2787508","display_name":"Subsistence agriculture","level":3,"score":0.9304594993591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.8201342821121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.7748328447341919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.5945098400115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.46112295985221863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778216598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131802","display_name":"Safety net","level":2,"score":0.4401620924472809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.43400654196739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.4303605556488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778000738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1005490","display_name":"Self-employment","level":3,"score":0.4180172085762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.4172939956188202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.4078241288661957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11369097232818604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10746994614601135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","pdf_url":"https://izajolp.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764684190","display_name":"IZA Journal of Labor Policy","issn_l":"2193-9004","issn":["2193-9004"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IZA Journal of Labor Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:izalpo:v:5:y:2016:i:1:d:10.1186_s40173-016-0060-2","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:wbk:wboper:20686","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstreams/8d91c878-c330-5c44-9b1c-59974cff31e7/download","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/154729","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/154729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","pdf_url":"https://izajolp.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40173-016-0060-2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764684190","display_name":"IZA Journal of Labor Policy","issn_l":"2193-9004","issn":["2193-9004"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IZA Journal of Labor Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.4359000027179718,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307855","display_name":"World Bank Group","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1867415504.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1867415504.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W82375804","https://openalex.org/W596159145","https://openalex.org/W1127212263","https://openalex.org/W1487508455","https://openalex.org/W1547003862","https://openalex.org/W1727950146","https://openalex.org/W1830434703","https://openalex.org/W1872578139","https://openalex.org/W1967042870","https://openalex.org/W2005029869","https://openalex.org/W2014719043","https://openalex.org/W2034250651","https://openalex.org/W2059843131","https://openalex.org/W2076441105","https://openalex.org/W2091143533","https://openalex.org/W2096301918","https://openalex.org/W2102559688","https://openalex.org/W2110617835","https://openalex.org/W2120460026","https://openalex.org/W2121870456","https://openalex.org/W2123250979","https://openalex.org/W2123394576","https://openalex.org/W2124139018","https://openalex.org/W2125826975","https://openalex.org/W2131853674","https://openalex.org/W2138442637","https://openalex.org/W2142516362","https://openalex.org/W2143941925","https://openalex.org/W2156596607","https://openalex.org/W2164505476","https://openalex.org/W2256065985","https://openalex.org/W2259888878","https://openalex.org/W2280950879","https://openalex.org/W2309797313","https://openalex.org/W2565567756","https://openalex.org/W2899672395","https://openalex.org/W3121546862","https://openalex.org/W3121832096","https://openalex.org/W3122219528","https://openalex.org/W3122269578","https://openalex.org/W3123071755","https://openalex.org/W3125835784"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7136081581","https://openalex.org/W4395477829","https://openalex.org/W202286905","https://openalex.org/W1879188253","https://openalex.org/W2615839848","https://openalex.org/W2156883573","https://openalex.org/W7128132831","https://openalex.org/W6958773878","https://openalex.org/W7005617182","https://openalex.org/W2748500681"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"provides":[3],"a":[4,44,51],"review":[5],"of":[6,9,19,33,39,46,54,59,66,90,107],"the":[7,10,17,24,30,37,67,103,112],"profiles":[8],"subsistence":[11,40,62,109,117],"entrepreneurs":[12],"and":[13,16,23,28,86,95,105],"their":[14,79],"constraints,":[15],"landscape":[18],"current":[20],"entrepreneurship":[21,68],"programs":[22,69,92,124],"evidence":[25],"on":[26],"impacts,":[27],"discusses":[29],"potential":[31],"role":[32],"public":[34],"policies":[35],"for":[36],"livelihoods":[38,80],"entrepreneurs.":[41,63,110],"Worldwide":[42],"over":[43],"half":[45],"workers":[47],"are":[48,58],"self-employed,":[49],"but":[50],"significant":[52],"fraction":[53],"these":[55,72,108],"self-employed":[56,73],"jobs":[57],"low":[60],"productivity":[61],"The":[64],"focus":[65],"to":[70,77,102,128],"support":[71,127],"in":[74],"poverty":[75],"is":[76,93],"improve":[78],"rather":[81],"than":[82],"promoting":[83],"cutting-edge":[84],"innovation":[85],"business":[87],"growth.":[88],"Evidence":[89],"successful":[91],"limited":[94],"program":[96],"designs":[97],"often":[98],"seem":[99],"ill":[100],"suited":[101],"needs":[104],"characteristics":[106],"Given":[111],"market":[113],"failures":[114],"faced":[115],"by":[116],"entrepreneurs,":[118],"interventions":[119],"that":[120],"complement":[121],"safety":[122],"net":[123],"with":[125],"well-targeted":[126],"promote":[129],"productive":[130],"self-employment":[131],"may":[132],"hold":[133],"some":[134],"promise.":[135],"Jel":[136],"codes:":[137],"O12,":[138],"O16,":[139],"J24":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}